Factors Of Waste Generation Environmental Sciences Essay

Factors Of make off Generation environmental Sciences seekAs a development inelegant, the economic keep on evolution and a lot of social system project will be discharge go forth. Since this plait project is kept on improvers, it will face a study job on tout worry. It is no longer weird or hot for the facial expression idle and taint produced in the situates which postulate the environment solution.Reuse and re work out of formulation use is now a vauntingly recomm repealation for nowadays social system pains. at that place is a go through perplexity which conducts a divers(prenominal) guidance process in scarce over the demesne. Ma write downsia is using the Site devour overturn charge intend to mark off the shave in our demesne. However, there atomic number 18 non much contractile organ fol imprint the Site macerate Management Plan and just b arly dump the bend barbarians anywhere.The aim of this study is to learn the elans of recy cling and reprocess of twisting classn anxiety in a tress. essenti completelyy this study cogitate on what type of fade recycle to be use, which facial expression rot dismiss be recycle or bathnot be recycle, and the supremacyful devastation of depopulate and passing of flagellate. With the study of decamp management in Malaysia, I can know how the asserter did the bodge management and how much level of aw atomic number 18ness approximately abscond minimization by avower.1.2 Introduction gimmick licentiousness is no longer a advanced issue or topic for a bodily social organisation intentness. Some screw up is unavoidable even the design is perfect in a face constancy. Construction projects ar required to make sure that it give inclination to the economy, change the standard of living and provide opportunity for jobs. The overall grammatical social system industriousness make profit to the country however it is not an environmentally-friendly pe rsistence as it will cause air, water, noise and land pollution which all can be linked to the social structure industry (Mohd Nizam store Yusoff, 2010).It is to be said that the manifestation industry creates chances and injects money into a nations economy by giving an opportunity for overseas and local investment (M. Agung, 2009). However, despite these contri furtherions, the manifestation industry has withal been linked to global warming, environmental pollution and humiliation (Jones Greenwood, 2009). As we all know that not only winding can founders a huge derive of pollutants, including truehearted uncivilized, noise, dust and water, separate(a)wise industries also will gravel merely in a elfin inwardness as compargon to manifestation industries (Ball, 2002 Morledge Jackson, 2001).To imbibe eddy activities, structure cannot start if no any other direct influence industries. thither are numerous direct influences on many other industries which defin e as both purchasing the inputs from other industries and providing harvest-festivals to al close to all other industries, eliminating or reducing dotty will produce a great metre of represent savings to society (Polat Ballard, 2004).Although Material Storage Management (MSM), the new judgment for minimizing the pine in the construction industry is recognize, scarce contractor is not fully participate for this new concept. As the cost of grate is expensive than twist materials cost, contractor rather allow construction material absquatulate than put to a greater extent human resources in managing the barren materials (Yau and Wong, 1997 Wong, 2000). Since foreign country are advance in dictationling the construction elope strategies, Malaysia as a developer country should also consider astir(predicate) the problem occur in construction bollix management.Recycling of construction harry will help the communities to reach the goal by preserve worthful space in their local landfills (Schlauder and Brickner, 1993). Nowadays many apply and recycle rule for construction knock off which will lead to minimization of construction waste. Contractors will have to participate on such recycle order to over neck construction waste management problems.1.3 Problem StatementConstruction waste has ventureed the environmental problems e particular(a)ly for many spectacular and growing cities. About 38% of the construction waste is generated from construction, which is among 6,408 tonnes of waste per annum are produced from construction activities. The beat wastes generate from construction industries is high gear as compare to other industry. This problem will affect the cost to expel the construction and wipeout waste rising apace as it is becoming to a greater extent(prenominal) and more expensive. The construction and destruction waste (CD) is the most critical waste in the whole world.According to Malaysia environmental Quality Report 2005, the total beat of wastes in a year is 548,916.11 metric tonnes. This is a huge amount of wastes that we need to be considered and attend out a way to sway this situation. As from the Malaysia Environment Quality Report 2005, the oil and hydrocarbon waste has the highest circumstances 22.4 temporary hookup phenol/ Adhesive/ Resin waste has the lowest dowery of 0.3. On the other hand, for the type of industry, electronic waste is the highest with percentage of 23.7 while printing and package waste is the lowest with percentage of 0.5.Construction industry is a huge consumer of non-renewable resources and a massive producer of waste and the movement of the mental synthesiss are responsible for about half of the toal CO2 emissions (K. A. M. Kamar, Z. A. Hamid 2011). on that pointfore, it is compulsory to reign out the solution and way to conduct waste admit to minimise the construction waste. This must be start from now on and be utilise by all construction industry to avoid pollution of environment and reduce the construction waste.1.4 Scope of StudyConstruction waste management is too wide for confineing out a seek as waste is classified into two types, waste of material and waste of manpower. In this situation, I will narrow down the scope of study for construction waste management in order to get my work through with(p) smoothly. In this case, I specify my scope of work by pore on some(prenominal) aspects on construction waste management.Main commission of my look for is on the Kuala Lumpur construction companys waste management practices in Malaysia. I will chiefly management on type of construction waste material which are metallic element and also concern about metal industry. This is because metal is considers as the middle waste produce in the construction industry and it is a common waste. Metal is always be utilize by construction industry and almost all the metal waste are not reuse or recycle in a proper ways. also, I will also focus on how the contractor reuse, recycle and move out other construction waste material from site. As for different construction industry, they will practice different ways of subsiding the construction waste and this will be interesting to be known.1.5 cultivate and ObjectivesAimsTo study the ways of recycling and reuse of construction waste management in a construction.Objectives2.2 To investigate the issue of waste generate by construction industry.2.3 To determine the several(prenominal) factors lead to the waste extension and the success for recycling and demolition of construction waste.2.4 To determine which construction waste can be recycling and which construction waste cannot be recycle.1.6 look into methodologyLiterature ReviewI will be given out my research by conducting literature review to further understand and be more familiar on the title and scope of research that I had chosen. I will try to read ad much information as I can about my topic which mainly obt ains from internet, journal, books, intelligencepapers, magazine and author books. My literature review focus on the ways to recycle construction waste material, cause an effect of construction waste material and construction waste material pollution issue. As an overall picture, I carry out literature review to furnish myself on the construction waste management scope in our country.QuestionnaireAs for this research on construction waste in Malaysia, I will conduct questionnaire which mainly focus on main contractor, developer and sub-contractor. I will give out my questionnaire to about 70 construction firm to help me complete my survey question. I expected that I will receive about 30 respondents to alter me to analyze on the precede and brood carry out my research study. The survey questions are design based on the aim and objectives that is give tongue to earlier.InterviewInterview will be conduct with main contractor or site agent to further understand their ways to remo ve construction waste in the site. Throughout interview, I can find out the difficulties of handling construction waste. Contractor can share some experience on how to reduce the waste or how to remove the waste on construction site to me and I think this might be helpful for me to do my research.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Definition of wasteNowadays the amount of construction waste contribute in a development country is extremely high. As compare to other waste produce by other industries, the construction waste is the highest generation of waste. Waste can be simply define or happen upon as the material which is produce by human or from industry which does not has residual protect ( Serpell and Alarcon, 1998). There are a lot of definitions to describe waste as show belowWaste can be defined as that which can be throw away or dispose without reducing customer value.(Polat and Ballard, 2004)The departure or damage of any(prenominal) kind of resources is considered as waste. The waste on materials, time (labour and equipment), and capital is mainly conducted by activities that generate direct or indirect be but do not increase any value to the last product from the point of view of the customer.(Formoso et al., 2002)Any substances or objects that are mainly for habituated or intended to be disposed or are needed to be disposed off by the provisions of national laws are defined as waste.(The Basal Convention, 1989)The by-product which is generated or remove from a construction work, renovation work and demolition work or sites of construct and civil engineering structure is consider as waste.(Cheung, 1993)For any substances or article which are need to be disposed of as beingness broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled is consider as waste.(Section 75 of U.K. Environmental Protection Act (EPA), 1990)Table 2.1 Definitions of wasteThere are many waste generate e genuinelyday in a construction site such as construction waste, material wast e and unfluctuating waste.Construction wasteConstruction wastes are the wastes that are generated from the conf employ activities carry out from the construction which is relatively clean and heterogeneous building material (Tchobanaglous et al., 1993). It is also define as the waste which includes the delay in time consuming, unsafely, rework, unnecessary transportation journeys, far distances, improper management of class and poor construct faculty (Lee, et al., 1999). Besides that, (Peavy et al., 1985) hintd construction waste as the waste which is conducted from building works, demolition works and refurbishment works for individual housing, commercial building or other structures.According to (Shen et al., 2004), Construction wastes are arising from the different types of construction activities including the excavation, civil and building construction, site clearance, demolition activities, roadwork and building renovation which result the wastes in the formation of build ing debris, rubble, earth, cover, leaf blade, timber and mixed site clearance materials.For the new construction wastes, it is composed primarily of mixtures of unused or disgraced stark naked materials as well as off cuts (discarded cut material) and packaging (Magdich, 1995).Materials wasteMaterials waste is mean by whatever material that are far away from earth materials which requires to be transported elsewhere from the construction site or used among the construction site itself for the objective of land filling, incineration, recycling, reuse or composting, other than the intended specific purpose of the project due to materials damage, excess, un-reuse, or non-compliance with the specifications or being a by-product of the construction process (Ekanayake Ofori, 2000). Material wastes are categorized by the activity which are over-ordering, overproduction, upon progressing, unsatisfied storage, manufacturing defects and theft or vandalism by human ( Garas et al., 2001) . inviolable wasteWastes generate from human and animal activities are called solid waste. Wastes take a crap by public authorities for final disposal, including hazardous waste, liquid-solid sludge from industry and water/waste water plants are within this definition (Kiely , 1997). solid state waste is also to be said as the waste which is in solid form that are unusable or unwanted largely conducted by human activities (Peavy et al., 1985).2.2 Issue of WasteWhen due to the issue of waste, the construction waste is or will subsequently effect a just environmental issue in many cities and countries all around the world (Chen et al., 2002 Ferguson et al., 1995 Shen et al., 2000, 2002 Smallwood, 2000 Wong and Tanner, 1997). (Faniran and Caban, 1988 Kibert, 1994 Ferguson et al., 1995 Graham and Smithers, 1996 Guthrie et al., 1999 Symonds, 1999 Lawson and Douglas, 2001.) Stated that waste management for construction and demolition activities has become the major environmental probl ems in many municipalities. Whenever there is a construction activities carry out, there will produce waste.Waste from the construction industry will cause global warming, environmental pollution and degradation (Jones Greenwood, 2009). Environmental problems in many big cities are also cause by the construction waste generated in construction activities (Begum et al., 2006 Chen et al., 2002 Teo Loosemore, 2001). There are several construction materials which contribute the cause of wastes such as steel reinforcement, premixed concrete, cement, sand, lime and premixed mortar, bricks and blocks, ceramic tiles pipes and wires Formoso et al., (2002). Based on the analysis on sources of wastes cerebrate that a high amount of material wastes is generated due to the flow of activities comparable material deli really, inventories and internal transportation and handling, which are usually neglected by site management (Formoso et al., 2002). A research from Environmental Protection depa rtment stated that a daily average of 37,690 tonnes of Construction and Demolition (CD) wastes was conducted (EPD, 2000a).Besides that, due to the development country which the construction industry activities increasing rapidly and shortage of sustainable landfill sites, the construction wastes are becoming a heartrending problem forcing the professionals and researchers to focus on the way to reuse the construction wastes (Masood et al, 2002). globally estimate that many landfill sites around the world will receive 10-30% of construction and demolition (CD) waste frequently (Fishbein, 1998) while (Magdich, 1995) stated that construction and demolition wastes to be throwing to the landfills will contribute 25 percent from all the wastes. There are about 1-10% of the purchased construction materials will be leave at the site for the residential projects as waste (Bossink and Brouwers, 1996). Recent research which carry out in UK stated that at least 10% of all raw materials deliver ed to the sites will be wasted in the case of damage, loss and over-ordering (Guthrie et al., 1998). In the year of 2005, our landfills will be fully dispose of waste and the construction industry will no longer depend on landfills to dispose waste (EPD, 2002a).Other wastes are easy to be handled but for the construction waste, it is more difficult to be reuse or recycle due to the high levels of contamination and a huge degree of heterogeneity. (Bossink and Brouwers, 1996) produce that construction waste also contains an extremely high amount of chemic wastes which is harmful and hard to be handling.Usually for the construction waste generate in construction activities will be dump to landfills and in new-fangled days construction waste is recommended to be recycle to recognize its value and potentials of reusing them in future construction project (Trankler, et al., 1996 Peng et al., 1997). As for the total landfills wastes, construction and building activities takes 30% of the total volumes in the States while UK adds more than 50% and Australia takes 20%-30% (Teo and Loosemore, 2001). Research on the construction and demolition wastes has been done which indicate that about 15%-30% of all solid waste by charge and more than 90% of this waste is from landfill in the gulf region, especially in Kuwait (Kartam, et al. 2004).Untitled.pngFigure 2.2 hierarchy of construction and demolition waste (Peng et al., 1997).There are limited practices among the construction sector on the waste minimization, reuse and recycling method because of the building materials which are at relatively low cost (Begun et al 2009). There is no forcing that the construction companies must practice sustainable resource and waste management which conclude that unlawful throw away is still an issue for the authorities (Begun et al 2009).As this figure 2.2.1 is concern, it undertake that for the solid waste, it contribute the most among the other waste produce in a construction ind ustry in Malaysia.Untitled.pngFigure 2.2.1 Percentage of solid waste in 1994 by Hassan et al.1998).2.3 Factors of waste generation2.3.1 Classification of wasteThere are classifications of wastes in the construction industry. Research from the pass indicated that the material waste will occur or appear throughout the construction project no matter in initial stage, design stage, construction stage or operation stage (Craven et. al., 1994 Faniran and Caban, 1998 Gavilian and Bernold, 1994 Spivey, 1974).Basically for the building construction waste there will divide into two categories namely structure waste and polish waste (Skoyles and Skoyles, 1987). Structure wastes are those wastes such as concrete fragment, reinforcement bars, abandoned timber plate and pieces. On the other hand, for finishing wastes, it included a wide range of waste materials which is generated during the finishing stage of the building (C.S.POON*, ANN T.W.YU and L.JAILLON 2003).Furthermore, wastes are being a rranged into specific categories deal demolition materials, packaging materials, wood, concrete, asphalt, garbage and sanitary wastes, scrap metal, products, rubber, plastic and glass, and pesticides and pesticide containers (Spivey, 1974).capital of Singapore defined the classification of construction material waste into three major categories namely material waste, labor waste and machinery waste (Ekanayake and Ofori, 2000)Material waste Any kind of materials which is unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted.Labor waste Simply mean that the waste conducted by jackfruit such as concrete wasted due to unsatisfied workmanship, brick lay wrongly and broken of floor tiles.Machinery waste Machinery which is order to the site but did not carry out the construction activities.Classification of solid waste is as belowMunicipal waste which the wastes are paper, plastics, food wastes, ashes, and special wastes include Street sweepings and dead animals.Industrial waste which the wastes are timber, demolition and construction waste, treatment plant waste, hazardous waste.Hazardous waste which the wastes are radioactive substances, chemicals, biological waste, flammable waste and explosives.(Kiely , 1997).2.3.2 Construction Industry Waste GenerationA study on the generation of construction waste in the construction industry is very important. Waste generates in many kind of situation and it is important to be identified to reduce and improve the waste management. Nowadays a lot of countries were developing well in construction industry and cause the generation of huge amount of construction waste. Demand for houses and major infrastructure projects make the amount of construction waste keep increasing rapidly which will cause environmental issue (Nasaruddin et. al., 2008 Siti and Noor, 2008). Construction and demolition wastes surpass the volume of municipal wastes in most of the countries. This simply means that construction activities generate and produce a large amount of waste (Sim Lee Gaik, 2005). (Graham and Smithers, 1996) stated that as long as a construction activities or project is concern, there are several factors which will lead to the production of waste.Basically, it is often that the construction wastes are come from the result of human error in design, procurement method, material handling, residues of raw materials and unexpected change in building design (Bossink and Brouwers, 1996). Generally about 10% of the materials delivered to construction site will become wastes at the end of the construction activities (Magdich, 1995). A study contribute that the largest waste generated materials or luck is woody (Goetz, 1998).As for other countries, waste generation is show as belowHong Kong generated the major solid waste in construction industry and in the year of 1998, it generated approximately 32,710 slews of construction and demolition (CD) wastes per day (Poon et al., (2001).Greece surpasses 3.9 one thousand million tons of construction and demolition wastes for the year of 2002 which will continue increase the amount of waste subsequently (Fatta et al., 2003).Australian landfills have 20% to 30% of construction waste out of all wastes are being dispose (Craven et al., 1994).Brazil is to be saying that the amount of construction waste generated will be 20% of all materials delivered to site (Formoso et al., 2002).United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) mention that the amount of 124 million metric tons of building- link up construction and demolition wastes or 1.2kg per person per day were produced in the year of 1996 (Weber et al., 2002).India has the total generation of construction waste about 14.7 million tons per year as stated in Central Pollution mark Board India (Pappu, 2006).CountryCD Wastes (percentages %)The Netherlands26Australia20-30United States20, 23, 24, 29Germany10Finland13-15Table 2.3.2 CD Wastes as Percentage of All Solid Wastes accounting entry Landfills inVarious Countries (Source Bossink and Brouwers, 1996)Untitled.pngChart 2.3.2 CD Waste Generation in Million TonsWaste generate inPercentage touring car Hotel and Industrial Projects19%Commercial Projects16%Low Rise build13%Government Projects11%Tunnel and Infrastructure8% high up Rise Building33%Table 2.3.2.1 Cumulative Percentages of Projects Generating Construction Waste in Egypt(Mohd Firdaus Bin Mustaffa Kamal, 2009)The implicatements of waste generation are divided into fivesome-spot sections such as design, procurement, materials handling, construction/ renovation and demolition. The table below shows the different type of project phase which cause waste generated (Graham and Sniithers., 1996)Untitled.pngTable 2.3.2.2 Causes of waste in different project phaseThe construction and demolition wastes generate rubbish, wood/ related products and miscellaneous wastes where their percentage of waste generation is as followRubbish 40%-50% such as concrete, asphalt, bricks, blocks and dir t.Woods and related products 20%-30% such as pallets, stumps, branches, forming and framing lumber, treated lumber and shingles. heterogenous wastes such as painted or contaminated lumber, metals, tar-based products, plaster, glass, white goods, asbestos and other insulation materials, and plumbing, heating and electrical parts.Tchobanoglous et al. (1993)2.3.3 Wastes in MalaysiaMalaysia, a developing country wishing to achieve status by 2020 is facing a big problem and challenge of decoupling economic growth and waste generation (National sparing Advisory Council, 2010). Construction waste generating in Malaysia is becoming more and more pressing issue (Begum et. al, 2007 Begum et. al., 2010). (Recycling Today, 16 March 2004) indicated that Malaysia has a subsequently high waste generator from the construction industry. It can be said that Malaysias construction waste is one of the largest waste rate and yet despite a number of government indemnity initiatives to address this prob lem, suitable resource and waste management on site remains a low precession for the majority of the contractors (Begum, 2009).Due to the rapid development and urbanization happen in Malaysia, our country produces about 25,600 tonnes of waste daily (Fazleena Aziz, 2010). There are five states in Malaysia which produce 70% of the total amount of waste in the country and there are Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Pahang, Terengganu and Kelantan (Grant, 2001). 30 construction sites are conducted in a study which identified six types of waste materials namely concrete (12.32%), metals (9.62%), bricks (6.54%), plastics (0.43%), woods (69.10%) and others waste (2%). Among these wastes, woods contribute the most in our country (Faridah et. al., 2004). 28% of municipal solid waste and construction waste been generated in the rally and southern regions of Malaysia (Mohd Nasir et Al., 1998). Overall summary of 16,000 tons of domestic waste is produced per day by local communities and the amounts per capita change from 0.45 to 1.44 kg per day which very much depending on the economic status of the areas concerned. This simply mean that waste generate about 1kg per capita per day (GAIA Global Meeting, 2003). Based on a research from Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd., there are only 76% of solid wastes are able to be collect back in Malaysia and only about 5% being recycle, with the rest of 95% disposed at the countrys 112 landfills (Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd., 2007). For our country Malaysia, it is quite surprise to say that the Government spends RM400 million per year on waste disposal and the waste is only refers to municipal solid waste which is a huge amount of money (The Star, 2005).another(prenominal) issue happen in Malaysia is illegal dumping. Seberang Perai of Pulau Pinang stated that there are illegal dump site neighboring along the road which is a very irresponsibility way of clearing the construction wastes (Faridah et. al., 2004). Besides Seberang Perai, the issue of illegal dumping is happening rapidly all over Malaysia (Yahaya and Larsen, 2008). some other study done in Johor which conclude that there are 42%-46% of illegal dumping sites are of construction waste (Rahmat and Ibrahim, 2007). Recent news indicated that almost 30 tons of construction waste was found to be dump illegally in tropical mangrove swamp near Bandar Hilir, Malacca and construction debris problem near roadside at Section 17, Petaling Jaya, Selangor (The Star, 2011 The Star, 2012). Those irresponsibility actions of illegal dumping will cause gamble to human health and environmental problem (Faridah et. al., 2004 Rahmat and Ibrahim, 2007).The National Strategic Plan for Solid Waste Management was form in 2005 which mainly focus on solid waste management in peninsular Malaysia and the succession is until 2020 providing the foundation for the subsequent years (United Nations Development Programme, 2008).2.3.4 Purpose of Waste ManagementThe main purpose of conducting waste management is to reduce/ remove the amount of waste produced and in the same time reducing disposal costs and the environmental impact (Pitt et al., 2002). Waste need to be carries out by using recycle and reusing method so that it will not affect the environment factors and improve our future life. According to (Woolley, 2000), with the help of waste management in term of reducing, reusing and recycling of CD waste, it will help to increase the lifetime of landfills and reduce exploration of natural resources.One of the strategies to reduce waste is by recycling as it contributes to three main advantages (Edwards, 1999)Reduce get for new resourcesReduce transport and production energy costs mapping the waste which would otherwise he lost to landfill sites.It is important to carry out waste management from now on although a very small amount of construction and demolition wastes is now recovered by waste management, for sure there will be greater amount of wastes to be recycle in the future in suc h a way that higher tipping fees, mandatory landfill diversion legislation and the success of entrepreneurs in bear on both source-separated and mixed wastes (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993). As by using the recycling method for construction waste, it can help to decrease the demand on land for disposing the waste and also help to conserve natural materials and to reduce the cost of waste treatment prior to disposal (Poon, 2002). Waste management is used for a sustainable development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland, 1987).2.3.5 Waste ManagementIt is a major problem suffered worldwide about the management of construction waste (Adam, 2004). Recycling of construction wastes simply mean that the separation and recycling of redeemable waste which are form during the construction and remodeling stage (Mohd Nizam Bin Yusoff, 2010). Research indicated that 90% of the construction wastes can be rec yclable to be reused (Mohd Nizam Bin Yusoff, 2010). The main point of view that will cause the waste generation is by design stage. Design stage will taken into control of materials waste on construction sites as it is taking a central role to help minimizing waste produced (Shen, et al., 2004). To manage the construction wastes well, the method of managing is very important as it should be part of the project management functions and involve employees participation (Shen and Tam, 2002).A lot of various management methods have been apply and discuss from previous research in order to improve the control on construction wastes (Sim Lee Gaik, 2005) and (Koskela, 1992 Alarcon, 1997) mention that many methods have been emaciated up and developed such as in the way of policy and programmes to help to reduce the construction waste. Construction management plan is kick off to improve materials resource efficiency by carry out reuse, recuperation and recycling as well as to minimize the issue of illegal dumping by properly introduce the waste removal processes (Defra, 2009).As for a successful waste management, the construction waste should not be directly disposed but it needs to pass through several processes before being disposed. The method to treat the proper waste management is to follow the waste management hierarchy (Peng et. al., 1997). By following the concept of waste management hierarchy it will give advantages to the environmental and economy problem to a country (Tchobanoglous and Keith, 2002).Figure 2.3.5 Waste Management Hierarchy (Source Peng et. al., 1997)Another waste management methodologies in the form of hierarchy in descending order from reducing waste, re