Essay about Finn Chap 1-5 - 685 Words

How and why does Twain establish Huck’s voice as storyteller? What do we learn about Huck from what he reveals of other characters’ assessments of him? Twain establishes Huck’s voice as storyteller in the very beginning of the story. He establishes it by Huck’s introduction of the book that must be read that is written by Twain. From the beginning of the story the reader can learn about Huck from the Widows expressions over Huck. The reader can learn that Huck is kind of free spirited and more simple than the clean clothes that the widow puts him in. The reader can also learn that Huck at some point had $6,000 and is also an orphan. Make two columns, listing Huck’s clear likes and dislikes as he reveals them in these chapters. What†¦show more content†¦Huck also believes that his luck is not of the greatest so he also bases his decision of giving up the money he has in hopes of increasing his luck. all of these things are contributing to his core self. These chapters establish components of Huck’s self that others hope to influence: his emotions, his intelligence, his fiscal responsibility, his spirituality, his social self, and his physical health and habits. To what and whom does Huck conform and when/how does he reject conformity in these chapters? Huck kind of conforms to the widows requests and rules. he does not smoke and he wears the clothes she gives him to wear. He also conforms to Miss Watson and does the hourly studies she likes him to do even if he does not want to. He also goes to school and kind of learns to like it. Huck also conforms to Toms requests and commands. He rejects all conformity when he is feeling lonely and feels like he needs to take a break from the world and go and hide out in the woods for a little while. The titles of the chapters are in third person, while the text itself is in the first person voice of Huck Finn. What does this literary device suggest about the argument that Huck and Twain are one and the same? This literary device suggests that Huck and Twain are one and the same because Twain is using influences from his own life to write his story. Its like, although the titles of the chapters are in third person, while the text itself is in the first personShow MoreRelatedSilvia Parra Dela Longa. Professor: Leslie Richardson.1404 Words   |  6 PagesIceberg Theory of his own, composed by compact or extensive sentences, verbs instead adverbs, repetition of words, uncomplicated vocabulary, and the â€Å"read between the lines† technique; second, thematic proposal, Hemingway discovered in Huckleberry Finn an important roll model for the American hero, which he adopted as main thematic subject in his novels; and finally, Papa Hemingway lifestyle proposal, which have been imitated by his descendants writers. The ground of Hemingway’s writing styleRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagescondition on any acquirer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Edmonds, Ennis Barrington. Rastafari : from outcasts to culture bearers / Ennis Barrington Edmonds. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-513376-5 1. Rastafari movement. 2. Jamaica—Religious life and customs. I. Title. BL2532.R37 E36 2002 299†².676—dc21 2002074897 v To Donnaree, my wife, and Donnisa, my daughter, the two persons around whom my life revolves; and to the ancestors whose

Does Love Define Us - 707 Words

The self and fairytales have a major thing in common: love. Fairytales always have the same plot, love at first sight because of the characteristics one possesses. Everyone in the world has one goal in common, to find their â€Å"prince charming† or â€Å"snow white† with who they will spend the rest of their lives with, because they want to receive the happily ever after that is so often seen in fairy tales. It is hard to identify the self because many factors influence it, but a major influence over the self is love. In Sonnet 138, â€Å"When my love swears that she is made of truth,† Shakespeare uses a poet as the speaker and his lover as the audience in order to express the view that although not everyone claims to fall in love, love is what defines the self by allowing us to lie to ourselves about who we are, thus creating an illusion. In the content of Sonnet 138, the poet reveals both the nature of his relationship with his lover and the uncertainties he h as about growing older, which lead him to adjust the self accordingly to his lovers standards. The speaker of Sonnet 138 is the poet, a hopeless romantic who believes that the best love is one that forgives and pretends as though everything is fine. Due to this perspective he forgives his lover for all the wrong that she has done to him. In order to forgive her he must change his standards, therefore changing himself. The lover is a female that cannot be committed to one man. Based on the way the poet passionately talks aboutShow MoreRelated Shadowlands: Why Does God Allow Pain and Suffering?‎ Essay682 Words   |  3 PagesIf God loves us, why does He allow us to suffer? The central question in Shadowlands challenges traditional religious and moral conventions. It is a question asked by many, with few satisfactory answers. Before attempting to answer the question, and explore its relationship to Shadowlands, let us first define the question, so its implications may be more cl early understood. At the heart of the question is a doubt in the goodness of God, If God loves us. From the beginning it is clear that God isRead MoreWhat Is Love?1020 Words   |  5 Pagesis Love? Love is one of the most difficult words to define. I challenge you to try. You can even go the easy way and simply Google the word â€Å"love†. What you will find is not one but hundreds of definitions along with countless books, movies, and songs all having to do with love. The reason why it is so hard to define love is because there are different forms/stages of love and there are so many things that love can consist of. Also, love can have a different definition to every one of us. WeRead MoreMarriage and Happiness1299 Words   |  6 Pages Humans are in search of two things: love and happiness. 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Unfortunately, Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez does not deal in the art of drug store romance novels, as the narrative of Love in the Time of Cholera â€Å"cannot be reduced to its themes, or moral schema.† (Wilson 280) His novel does not feed us a singular concept of â€Å"true love† in the same way such notions have been popularized in western media and literature – it is far more complex and multifarious than such, which is part of the reason Love in the TimeRead MoreMaya Angelous Phenomenal Woman769 Words   |  4 Pages The message this poem sends out to the world of stereotype is empowerment comes from being confident in your own female skin. Beauty does not define a phenomenal woman . This poem represents the definition of a phenomenal woman because it helps women understand how it important it is to have self-love, independence and a voice. Maya Angelou expresses self-love by showing women her confidence through symbolism. She describes how she holds her head up even though she is not perfect. In line2 ofRead MoreEssay1054 Words   |  5 Pages †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Love does not has single definition. It is difficult to define. Different people have their own views regarding love. Love has several definitions, it is not just between boy and girl, not just between husband and wife or not between dad and son. Actually no one can give the truest and deepest meaning of love. Thousands of book related to love, thousands movies and millions definition has been created but no has proved the actual definition of love. The writer of the songRead MoreWhat Does It Truly Mean? Essay1151 Words   |  5 PagesWhat does it truly mean? For me personally, marriage is best defined as a legal act of love between two people who vow to be as one until death do them part. It is a special day of celebrating an everlasting union between two people and their families. It is a life long commitment. It is loyalty, security, trust, and respect. Marriage is forever. To help me better define the meaning of the word †marriage†, I looked it up in several dictionaries. To my surprise, not one included the word â€Å"love† inRead MoreMy Family And My Life983 Words   |  4 PagesMany friends have told me that my family and I are very close. We always tell each other that we love one another when ending a phone call, and we always hug each other when we leave. I love spending time with my three brothers, Daniel, Ryan, and Joshua. My two eldest brothers are my half brothers, but that does not change my relationships with them. My immediate family consists of my mother, who has taught her children that family is everything. She learned this from her grandparents who had a loving

Describe Building A Culture Based Company -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Describe Building A Culture Based Company? Answer: Introducation The definition of organizational culture varies from individuals to individuals. This is because people have different understandings and knowledge about organizational cultures (Alvesson and Sningsson 2015). For instance, for an individual culture is the basic way of doing things. However, on the contrary, for another individual culture is the shared values and rituals followed by the business organization. Thus, the upbringing, education, society, background, knowledge and understanding are the probable reasons of why the definition of organizational cultures differs among individuals. Justifying for supporting the definition of culture It has been seen that the definition of culture varies from person to person. According to Robbie Katanga, culture is the way of doing things. This is because culture is consistent and can be observed within the organizations (Hogan and Coote 2014). Thus, the repetitive behavior of the individuals highlights the culture of the individuals. On the other hand, Alec Haverstick defines culture as the product of compensation. This is because the author believes that incentives shape culture. This includes both monetary and non-monetary incentives that are provided to the individuals thereby, determining their actions. Bruce Perron defines culture as the shared description of the values and norms of the organizations. Richard Perrin defines culture as the sum of values and rituals that are glued together and influences the actions of the members of the business organizations. On the other hand, Alan Adler defines culture s the civilization that defines the workplace (Harvard Business Revie w, 2018). From the aforementioned definitions of organizational culture, I support the definition of culture by Robbie Katanga. According to Robbie Katanga, culture is defined as the way of doing things within the business organizations. This is because with time individuals become habituated with the way of doing and conducting particular things. This trend is generally cascaded to the entire organization and the workplace thereby, making it the culture of the business organization (Buschgens, Bausch and Balkin 2013). It has been often seen that the way of doing things is consistent among the individuals due to whom it is highly noticed by the surrounding people. Thus, as it is highly consistent and observable by the surrounding people, they tend to uptake the behaviors easily. As the way of doing things keeps on passing from individual to individual, it becomes an organizational culture and is followed by the existing people at the workplace. Corporate culture instilled in HRM practices and customer satisfaction The founder of Zappos believes in building a cross culture based company, as this provides an opportunity for the company to ensure customer service. Due to the cross culture based policy of the company, Zappos is well known for its customer service and makes sure that the customers come back to the company for getting service (Nordlof et al. 2014). The employees of Zappos belong to the different cultural background but works together in peace and harmony (YouTube, 2018). Thus, the company has the history of maintaining a balance among the employees belonging to different cultural backgrounds. The employees in Zappos are free and have the liberty to share their viewpoints and opinions with respect to their culture within the organization. Thus, while providing customer service, the organizations take care of the valuable points shared by the employees rearing the particular culture thereby, avoiding them (Adkins et al. 2013). This is the primary reason Zappos excels in customer satis faction the company believes in building a culture based company. For Zappos company culture is the most significant aspect, as the founder of the company believes that if the company culture is correct things like customer satisfaction, building the long-term relationship with customers happens naturally. Thus, Zappos considers the culture of the company their topmost priority. In order to achieve the best company culture, Zappas ensures hiring the right culture, providing 5 weeks training, giving $2000 when the new employees quit, giving culture books and helping to build culture. The main aim of the company is to hire the right culture that helps in building long-term customer relationships with the company. In this fierce and tough market, it is essential that the business organizations satisfy the customers better than their competitors. This is the only way of building a loyal and large customer base for the business organizations. This is because the customers feel the company values them and their culture and tends to return to the company for taking the service (Azanza, Moriano and Molero 2013). Thus, the hiring process of Zappos is based on the cultural fitness of the employees for their organizations. It has been seen that Zappos does not hire new employees who lack evident cultural impact on the top and bottom line of the organization. According to Zappos, the culture based company is essential for gaining competitive advantage, as the market sector consists of similar organizations. Thus, emphasizing more on the culture of the company allows Zappos to satisfy the customers and building a strong customer base. Large customer base maximizes the sales of the company thereby, generating more revenue and ensuring profit maximization. Having a strong culture allows Zappos to stand out from its potential competitors in the market along with creating a unique image in the eye of the customers. As a result, Zappos is able to sustain in the competitive market by emphasizing and building a strong culture based company. Conclusion The e-learning activity concludes and summarizes the activity 2 and activity 3. Activity 2 discusses the significance of organizational culture. The most probable reason due to which the definition of culture differs are the educational background of the individuals as well as their knowledge and understanding about cure from individual perspectives. Activity 3 discusses the significance of culture-based company in achieving customer satisfaction. It has been seen that Zappos considers culture as their topmost priority that helps them in achieving best customer satisfaction in the market. Thus, customer satisfaction for Zappos provides an opportunity for the company to gain the competitive advantage by building the large customer base by considering their cultures and ethics. References Adkins, C.L., Samaras, S.A., Gilfillan, S.W. and McWee, W.E., 2013. The relationship between owner characteristics, company size, and the workfamily culture and policies of women?owned businesses.Journal of Small Business Management,51(2), pp.196-214. Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015.Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Azanza, G., Moriano, J.A. and Molero, F., 2013. Authentic leadership and organizational culture as drivers of employees job satisfaction.Revista de Psicologa del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones,29(2), pp.45-50. Bschgens, T., Bausch, A. and Balkin, D.B., 2013. Organizational culture and innovation: A meta?analytic review.Journal of product innovation management,30(4), pp.763-781. Harvard Business Review. (2018). What Is Organizational Culture? And Why Should We Care?. [online] Available at: https://blogs.hbr.org/2013/05/what-is-organizational-culture/ [Accessed 18 Jan. 2018]. Hogan, S.J. and Coote, L.V., 2014. Organizational culture, innovation, and performance: A test of Schein's model.Journal of Business Research,67(8), pp.1609-1621. Nordlf, H., Wiitavaara, B., Winblad, U., Wijk, K. and Westerling, R., 2015. Safety culture and reasons for risk-taking at a large steel-manufacturing company: investigating the worker perspective.Safety science,73, pp.126-135. YouTube. (2018). Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh talks about building a culture-based company. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdKZapHZL4c [Accessed 18 Jan. 2018].

Rio de Janeiro a Reaction free essay sample

I. Based from the film, the main character is originally from what country? What can you tell us about this country? Tyler â€Å"Blu† Gunderson, the main character or the protagonist of the movie RIO is originally and was born in Brazil; particularly in Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city in the country. Traditionally, the word Brazil comes from brazilwood, a timber tree that many sailors traded from Brazilian regions to Europe in the 16th century. Brazil is the largest country in South America. It is the worlds fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 190 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) country in the world. II. What is the name and the purpose of the doctor who visited Linda? What is an ornithologist? The name of the doctor is Tulio Monteiro, a Brazilian ornithologist. His purpose of visiting Linda is that Blu is the last male of his species and he must mate with another macaw in Brazil. We will write a custom essay sample on Rio de Janeiro a Reaction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An ornithologist is a scientist who studies birds (ornithology) in an academic setting and has made birds his or her specialty. Ornithologists participate in scientific studies of all aspects of the natural history of birds, both living and extinct. Ornithologists continually add to our knowledge of birds and help guide bird conservation efforts. III. The main character is a victim of what international illegal activity ? IV. What are the different organizations helping to stop this illegal activity? V. How would you promote Brazil/Rio de Janeiro as a tourist destination? Brazil is a country that captivated travelers for at least 500 years. Powdery white-sand beaches, lined with palm trees and fronting a deep blue Atlantic, stretch for more than 7000km. Dotting this coastline are tropical islands, music-filled metropolises and enchanting colonial towns. Inland, Brazil offers dazzling sights of a different flavor: majestic waterfalls, red-rock canyons, and crystal-clear rivers, all just a small part of the natural beauty. It’s larger and more famous attractions are the Amazon and the Pantanal, the pair hosting some of the greatest biodiversity on the planet. Wildlife-watching is simply astounding here, as is the opportunity for adventure though you needn’t go to the jungle to find it. Kayaking, rafting, trekking, snorkeling and surfing are just a few ways to spend a sun-drenched afternoon in nearly any region in Brazil. Given the country’s innumerable charms, the only drawback to traveling in Brazil is a logistical one: you simply won’t want to leave. Fill your paper with the breathings of your heart. ~William Wordsworth http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rio_%28film%29 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Brazil http://www. suite101. com/content/what-is-an-ornithologista5855

Animal Testing Essays (2138 words) - Animal Welfare, Animal Rights

Animal testing is a popular and controversial issue that has sparked numerous debates between each side throughout the years. Animal testing is a form of experimentation that involves testing different products on all kinds of animals to see if they produce any side effects. These products could be make up, drugs, perfume, cleaning products and various other things. In certain countries, the law specifies that a new drug should essentially be tested on at least two different species of live mammal, one of which must be a large non-rodent. (Retrieved from www.buzzle.com on July 30, 2010.) The Animal act states that animals should not be used for testing of drugs if there is a realistic alternative available. However this has not stopped it from being done. Animals have been the test subject for anesthetics to prevent any pain or suffering during surgery on humans. Some of the testing performed on these animals has caused tumors and the results of the testing were found not relevant fo r any human. It has been found that a lot of the substances used in animals metabolize differently than they do in the human body. Therefore the results cannot transfer safely to patients. Lemon juice is one example of this finding; while it is not harmful to humans it is a poison to some animals. These tests are being conducted and are costing billions of dollars to perform and only a handful of them are providing any real kind of result. They are not only wasting their time but they are wasting money on something that isn?t beneficial at all. These animals are being put through torture on the hope that ?something big? will come out of it. The acts these people are performing are inhumane and unjust. Proctor and Gamble is a large well known company and is also one of the companies that participate in animal testing. In 1989 P&G received a lot of press for their use of dogs as test subjects. Since then the company claims to only use rats, mice, rabbits and other small animals for testing. Retrieved from idausa.org on July 30, 2010. The company has not released any facts that support this but they still claim to have reduced their animal usage by up to 90 percent. The company has stated that they continue to look for alternatives to animal testing and feel they are using good scientific, ethical, and business sense with their actions. However they fought a deal in 1987 that would have done away with animal testing by their company altogether. They also tried to convince people that testing on animals is humane and necessary. Retrieved from www.idausa.org on July 30, 2010. Proctor and Gamble makes so many of the products in today?s market and it is hard to compete. However there are many companies that produce the same products and do not participate in animal testing. The bottom line is this company would rather spend billions on advertising and promotion then on alternatives to testing. Looking for alternatives to testing does not benefit them the way that promoting their product does. People are not going to respond to an alternative to testing like they would to a cool new shampoo commercial. None of the tests that they perform are required by law and very few of them actually produce any results. P&G is just one of the many companies that tests it?s product on animals. Cosmetics companies are another key player in the animal testing field. Eye shadows are tested on rabbits to find out how much damage or irritation they cause. Sunscreen is tested on guinea pigs to see how much of an allergic reaction it will provide. Many of these big companies will hire outside companies to avoid any bad publicity for their company. Another unethical decision made by a money hungry company. These companies claim to be protecting the health and safety of humans with their testing. They claim these tests will prove the standards of their products beyond a doubt. However as I stated previously these tests are not an accurate representation of how the product would affect a human. These companies also claim to have a gain on the competition by testing their products on

Culture Shock in Germany essays

Culture Shock in Germany essays I remember following my mom and dad after we had just arrived in Ramstein, Germany. He had gotten our house procured, and we were heading back to our temporary family barracks near the Vogelweh gym. Living with my dad and mom in Germany was one of those awesome things to do, I was around ten years old at the time, and it was an adventure. As soon as we got home, my parents rushed me to shower and dress up casually. "Matt? Hurry up and get dressed. We're going out to dinner for the first day here. My friend is waiting for us in the local pub." I scrambled along; my mom had just finished also when my dad left the door. So we chased him out. About thirty minutes drive off base, and we were at the pub. Once inside, nothing was out of place. We ordered our food, my dad, and his friend talked and drank German lager, and my mom and I began to meet some other military people. Nearing the end of our dinner, I became completely bewildered. I had that "deer with bright lights in eyes" look. Some guy had gotten drunk; too drunk to stand up, so thinking from American movies about bars I thought the barkeeper was going to through him out. Apparently, I was wrong. He first called the publicist, (policeman) and the polizist called a taxi cab. What amazed me was the friendly, caring behavior of Germans. It startled me to see other's take care of drunkards. The best part is, the policeman would come to the drunkard in the morning and see if he was ok or if the taxi driver had abused him in some way. My experience above is called culture shock. Any disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own is considered to be the culture shock. The experience I had was definitely of one. Since I am a US citizen, I was not up to seeing the hospitality of German peoples. I still thought that they were inhumane Nazi's, but that's what I thought at the time. US media, (I say the US because American wo...

Tax & Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tax & Ethics - Essay Example This paper will evaluate the role of companies, their professionals, and HM Revenue and Customs and will discuss whether ethical principles should be applied to the payment of tax. The four major sources used for drafting this paper are BBC, The Guardian, KPMG, and HMRC, because these sources were found potential for providing analytical information about the topic under consideration. However, only facts and figures have been mainly taken from such sources, for news reports tend to be biased depending on the reporters’ personal outlook. A BBC report dated on 21st November 2012 reflects that UK lost billions in lost revenues as a result of corporate tax avoidance by multinational corporations. The report points out that new tax avoidance schemes are emerging each year and the situation makes it difficult for HM Revenues and Customs (HMRC) to curb this issue. According to National Audit Office, taxation authorities identified nearly 2,300 avoidance schemes between 2004 and 2011 (ibid). Since the actual figures of tax avoidance are not available, the UK government cannot estimate the accurate amount of loss. It has been identified that specialist tax advisers suggest best tax avoidance schemes for their clients; and this practice significantly contributes to the issue. Recently, Margaret Hodge walloped the big four accounting firm for helping companies avoid corporate taxes (as cited in Toynbee 2011). According to another BBC report dated on 3rd December 2012, some leading multinational companies including Starbucks, Amazon, and Google were severely criticised by UK government authorities for paying little or no tax. The UK government officials point that it is unfair for these companies to practice different schemes to avoid corporate taxes despite the fact that their UK operations account for hundreds of millions of pounds (BBC 2012). UK Prime Minister David Cameron states that international co-operation is necessary to tackle this issue because some for ms of tax avoidance are very difficult to address (David Cameron). In order to publicly express UK’ stance on tax avoidance, the HM Revenue & Customs publicly named top tax dodgers for the first time (as cited in King). Reportedly, Starbucks, Google, and Amazon are the three major multinational corporations that have practiced schemes to avoid corporate taxes. In addition, small businesses including Cheshire wine merchant, Menemis, and Brian Clifford Tattersall were also criticised for tax avoidance. Yet another BBC report says that Starbucks sold goods worth ?400m in UK in 2001 but paid nothing in corporate taxes (BBC news Business 2012). Starbucks managed to avoid corporate taxes by transferring some of its funds to a sister company in the form of royalty payments, buying coffee beans from Switzerland, and paying high interests rates other parts of the business in the account of borrowing (ibid). Similarly, on the strength of some well structured schemes, Google also notabl y reduced the amount paid in corporate taxes. As per reports, Google could trim down its tax bill by approximately $1bn a year by transferring profits to subsidiaries having low tax rates (O’Carroll 2011). A subsidiary located in Bermuda assisted Google to save nearly $3.1bn over a period of three years because corporate tax rate is zero in Bermuda (ibid). In response to this criticism, a Google spokesperson said: â€Å"we have an obligation to our shareholders to set up a tax-efficient

Tourism in France Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tourism in France - Essay Example Travellers are always searching for exotic locations that offer stunning natural resources, cross-border travel and eco-tourism. Rural areas in France offer many environmental amenities and has become more attractive especially for agri-tourism. Millions of tourists from all parts of the world visit France annually and it is the most popular tourist destination in the world (Books LLC 2010). At the same time, France keeps public funding for tourism at a relatively low level. Tourism is the largest industry in the world and generates crucial businesses for other service industries such as the hotel industry, entertainment facilities, restaurants, sport and recreational facilities and travel services. A new form of tourism where tourists want a customised itinerary is emerging. These package tours are shorter and more frequent but less expensive compared to the traditional tourism (Poon 1993). The average trip for package tour takes 4 nights instead of the traditional 9 nights. The introduction and improvement of digital communication and ICT, which has enabled clients make choices that are more informed, has made this possible. The French government exercises its sovereign authority and outlines the framework of operation in relation to national peace, the rule of law, food security, health security and reliable public services. This structure is crucial for development of tourism. France guarantees the legislative and regulatory structures for all activities, including tourism. Successive governments have continued to fund bodies that exist to support tourism at the local and the international level. Administration of tourism in France has been rationalised to meet all stakeholders’ needs. Through the central government, regions, departments and communes, the French authorities support tourism development. By increasing resources for territorial tourism improvement and promotion of France as the preferred tourist destination, the central government and territorial authorities have seen the number of tourists increasing annually (Todd, 2008). Territorial authorities play a crucial role in formulation of policy and development of tourism. The national tourism administration supports regional tourism through guidance, regulation and coordination of tourism policies and ensures they are consistent. The French Agency for Tourism Engineering (AFIT) ensures development objectives between territorial authorities, private actors and the central government complement each other and are in line with the national strategic objectives. The administrative classification for accommodati on in the form of hotels, tourist resorts, holiday rentals, campsites and tourist offices has a number of implications, notably with regard to complementary funding and dates back to 1919 (Books LLC 2010). A rated commune has certain additional privileges in addition to the normal privileges received by other communes. The central government and the territorial governments share Institutional responsibilities in managing tourism. The territorial governments are responsible for planning and implementing the medium-term objectives for tourism development. Tourism is a service activity and requires a large workforce, which is a blessing during the current slow

Environmental engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental engineering - Essay Example Note that oxidation occurs in the presence of organic matter, so nitrate acts an electron acceptor in the absence of free oxygen. The chemical reaction in this phase can be represented as: The precipitation of ammonia in the form of MgNH4PHO4 (MAP) through the addition of phosphoric acid and magnesium oxide is called MAP process. In this process the pH value is critical in the precipitation of MAP. It has 90% efficiencies (Siegrist, 1996). This is a physico-chemical process. When the pH of wastewater is maintained to 10 is easy to convert NH4+ to free ammonia. Then, an air stream is used to capture NH3 and it is absorbed in a solution with sulphuric acid to form (NH4)2SO4. It has 97% efficiency, (Siegrist, 1996). This is a physico-chemical process called air stripping process. Finally, biological phosphorus removal technique offer advantages over chemical processes, reduced energy consummation and reduce sludge production (Park, 1999). This method is justified because phosphorus exists in several forms in wastewater: orthophosphate, polyphosphate and organic phosphates. Note that phosphorus comes from human excrement and detergents presents in domestic wastewater. 1. There are some microorganisms that without oxygen and nitrates (anaerobic atmosphere), assimilate and store fermentation products produced by other facultative bacteria. The microorganisms derive energy for this assimilation from polyphosphates organisms, which are hydrolyzed to liberate energy. The free phosphorus that results from the hydrolysis reaction is released to the mixed liquor (Sankaramanchi, 2010). 2. In the following anoxic or aerobic phase these same microorganisms, consume both phosphorus and oxygen to metabolize the previously stored substrate for energy production and cell synthesis. The organisms take up the phosphorus in excess. The phosphorus is removed from the system during the normal sludge wasting procedure (Sankaramanchi,

Effect of Ayurvedic Drug on Drosophila Melanogaster

Effect of Ayurvedic Drug on Drosophila Melanogaster Dr. Sonali Sengupta* Namrata Sain,  Lathika J,  Akshay Tharali Abstract:- The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster known as a model organism is widely used in mammalian cellular and developmental studies. Its vast genome similarity with the humans has facilitated for various genetic and physiological studies. Ayurvedic medicine represents a traditional form of medication used to treat various human illness and anomalies. This paper aims to study the effect of an anti-paralytic ayurvedic drug on the physiological and behavioural pattern of locomotion defective and neurophysiology defective strain of Drosophila. This study will also help us to draw an analogy to the effect or action of these ayurvedic drugs on human system and further lead us to better understanding of the condition. Keywords:- Drosophila melanogaster, Ayurvedic , behavioural, physiological Introduction:- Drosophila melanogaster acts as an ideal species for model systems and drug interaction studies. Due to its feasibility for culturing and short reproductive cycle it is used in various genetic research prospectives. The drosophila genome on account of its similarity with the human genome can be studied extensively to identify certain genes involved in disease condition and also aid in understanding the various regulatory mechanisms that are associated with it. Study of drug interaction in Drosophila can be very well co-related to its effect on humans and therefore various drug interaction studies have been conducted in various conditions thereby relating it to the genotype. Drug interaction with Drosophila can be used to study its genotoxic effect as well as any rectifying effect on the expressed phenotype of the organism. Locomotion rhythm and neurophysiology defective mutants of Drosophila melanogaster exhibit both structural and functional abnormality and can be considered analogus to human paralysis condition owing to the non-functioning of neurons stimulating the muscles. The ebony (e11) mutants of drosophila show locomotor rhythm defect along with a defect in the electrophysiology properties of the neurons, muscles leading to the characteristic movement defect. This condition can be related to the paralytic condition in humans and drug interaction with these mutants can be used as a future way for analysis and cure of the condition in humans. Ayurveda has represented a field of medications and formulations that have been used to treat various human abnormality conditions in India. Ayurvedic medicine represents various treated plant extracts and formulations which contain certain important compounds that target the affected sites in human disorder conditions. These ayurvedic medicines can be considered as an example of medications which have their efficacy related to the genoptypic constitution of the subject. Various anti-paralytic ayurvedic drugs target the neuronal and muscular components of the affected condition. This paper aims at studying the effect of such an Ayurvedic drug on the locomotion and neurophysiology defective mutants of Drosophila melanogaster and relating it to the human complex disorder conditions. Materials and Methods:- 2 types of strains were used. 1.Canton-S: Drosophila melanogaster of Canton-S wild type strain were obtained from Dr. Kavitha Thirumurugan, VIT University. They were maintained, cultured and outbred in large population in optimum temperature in our laboratory. 2. e11 (Dmele11tm3) The ebony e11 mutants were obtained from NCBS, Bangalore. They were cultured on corn meal medium maintained at 24C. The mutants showed phenotypic characteristics of locomotion rhythm and neurophysiology defective. Drug:- The Ayurvedic drug used was Amukkara choorana purchased from a local ayurvedic medicine shop in Vellore in form of tablets .The main ingredient of this medicine is Amukkara or Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). Amukkara Choornam has an anti-arthritic activity and it is a restorative and nervine tonic. Experiment:- The wild type flies were cultured in 3 types of food:- (i) corn meal medium without drug (ii) medium with 0.01g drug i.e 100microgram of drug for 100 ml.(iii) medium with 0.05g drug i.e 500microgram of drug for 100 ml. (iv) medium with 0.1g drug i.e 1000 microgram of drug for 100 ml. The e11 mutants were also cultured in corn meal medium with and without out drug of the above mentioned concentration of drug. To observe drug administration from larval stage, 30 Wild type larva were also culture in normal medium as well as in medium with the above mentioned drug concentrations. The larva were transferred using a thin paint brush and carefully planted on the medium and cultured at constant temperature. Assays:- 1. Survival Assay:-The wild type and mutant flies were cultured in normal and drug medium for 7days (1 week) and their rate of survival was measured. 2. Climbing Assay:-10 wild type and mutant flies were observed for their characteristic climbing ability in normal and drug medium. 3. Light Sensitive Assay:-10 wild type and mutant files from each category were exposed to a light source for 2-5 minutes and their anti-geotrophic behaviour was observed. 4. Polytene chromosome analysis:-Wild type larva were dissected and polytene chromosomes were observed by acteocarmine staining for any chromosomal abberations. The larvae were collected from both normal and drug medium which were dissected with a mounted needle on a glass slide under the microscope and the polytene chromosomes were removed from the salivary glands. The polytene chromosomes were then fixed using freshly prepared chilled fixative (Methanol: Acetic acid 3:1) and stained with acetocarmine dye. It was then washed with glacial acetic acid,cover slip was placed . Mounting was done and observed under microscope. RESULTS:- Rate of Survival:- Fig 1:- Graph representing the survibility assay of the Wild type and e11 mutant flies over a period of 7 days cultured in corn meal medium without drug and with drug at 3 different concentrations (0.01g, 0.05g and 0.1g per 100 ml) Fig 2:- Wild type and e11 mutant flies cultured in corn meal medium. Climbing assay:- Fig 3:- e11 mutant in 0.1g drug food showing static behavior (lower one) Light Sensitive Assay:- The light sensitive assay was performed on Day 4:- Wild type in normal food:- The flies showed anti-geotropic behavior i.e attraction towards light. 8 out 10 were attracted towards light Wild type in 0.01g drug food:- showed jumping movement and falling cycle. Wild type in 0.05g drug food:- Flies showed geotropic behavior i.e withdrawl from light source. Wild type in 0.1g drug food:- Flies show complete withdrawl from light i.e they prefer to stay in dark Mutant in Normal food:- On exposure to light it showed mostly static behavior with minimal movement and difficulty in climbing due to weak muscle strength. Mutant in 0.01 drug food:- Extreme static behavior and difficulty in moving. Mutant in 0.05g and 0.1g drug food:- Not viable. Fig4:-Wild type flies in 0.1g drug food showing withdrawl from light exposure. Polytene chromosome analysis:- Polytene chromosome analysis revealed no chromosomal abberations in the wild type flies post exposure to varied concentrations of drug DISCUSSION:- In the above study both wild type and ebony mutant flies were cultured in three types of drug medium with each medium having increasing concentration of drug. Both the wild type and mutant flies showed decrease in survival rate in food with drug concentration 0.1g as well as in 0.05g with a more potent decrease in the 0.1g indicating lethality due to the drug dose. So the drug concentration was decreased to 0.01g which showed no decrease in survival rate for the wild type flies whereas the mutant flies showed less decrease in survival rate indicating minimal concentration of drug may induce a positive effect on survival rate. The Climbing assay showed that the mutants in 0.1 and 0.05g drug food showed shibire behaviour and inability to cling to the wall thus inferring muscle weakness before the drug proved lethal. Whereas mutants in 0.01g drug medium showed reduced climbing pace and static movement but had a positive effect on survival rate. Wild type flies in drug food showed no change in initial days but depicted slow climbing rate in later days. But when the drug was exposed from the larval stage, it showed a positive effect on the climbing as well as jumping behavior. Thus it can be concluded that the if the drug is exposed to the organism from the larval stage it produces a better effect as compared with adult stage. Thus it may concluded that incorporation of the drug during the larval stage may produce a curable effect as compared to that during adult stage, but further studies need to be done. Light sensitive assay revealed that wild type flies in 0.05g and 0.1g drug food showed geotropic behavior and complete withdrawl from light respectively. Mutants in drug food showed mostly static response to light. This study aims at finding out the drug interaction with the defective gene thereby drawing an analogy with the human genome. The effect of these drugs on the drosophila genome may provide an analogy as to which gene may be affected in case of patients with paralytic or muscular disorders and may also provide possible means of therapy for the management and treatment of the disorders. REFERENCES:- In Vivo Effects Of Traditional Ayurvedic Formulations in Drosophila melanogaster Model Relate with Therapeutic Applications by Vibha Dwivedi et.al 2012. The effects of exogenous antioxidants on lifespan and oxidative stress resistance in Drosophila melanogaster by Tapiwanashe Magwere et.al 2006 Dopamine modulates acute responses to cocaine, nicotine and ethanol in Drosophila Roland J. Bainton et .al 2000. Mutant human torsin A responsible for early onset dystonia, dominantly suppresses GTPCH expression, Dopamine levels and locomotion in Drosophila melanogaster by O donnell JM et al 2011. Drug resistance of bacteria commensal with Drosophila melanogaster in laboratory cultures Sultan, R et al 2001. The pattern of campaniform sensilla on the wing and haltere of Drosophila melanogaster and several of its homeotic mutants by Eric S. Cole et al 1982. A gene necessary for normal male courtship, yellow, acts downstream of fruitless in the Drosophila melanogaster larval brain by Mark David Drapeau et al 2003. Tyrosine and catecholamine metabolism in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster and a mutant, ebony by Ross B. Hodgetts et al 1976. Neurophysiological defects in temperature-sensitive paralytic mutants of Drosophila melanogaster by Siddiq et al 201. Electrophysiological Correlates of Rest and Activity in Drosophila melanogaster by Douglas A Nitz et al 2002.

Grieving in Amber by Eavan Boland :: essays research papers

Eavan Boland’s poem â€Å"Amber† was published in the Atlantic Monthly in December of 2005. This poem starts off sad, talking about a death of a friend and how grieving seemed to last forever. Boland shows us this through lines one through five. It then goes on saying that if you think of all the good memories that the grieving process will pass and you can be happy when thinking about the lost friend. Boland’s poem â€Å"Amber† is showing us that grieving shouldn’t last forever and that memories can take away the horrible feelings and bring happiness when thinking about a lost loved one. In the first five lines Boland presents the death of a friend and the writer is grieving â€Å"through seasons and centuries† (line 4), or in other words they are having a hard time getting over the grieving process. She then changes the mood by saying â€Å"On this fine September afternoon† (6). By putting the word â€Å"fine† in she is showing us that grieving is over. She starts talking about an ornament of amber that she is holding and that her friend gave this to her. By saying this she means that her friend gave her all of these memories and she is â€Å"holding† them, or keeping them in her memory. This ornament is the symbol of the memories the writer has of her lost friend. Then the writer is explaining that she has only memories because â€Å"The dead cannot see the living† (11) and vise versa. Boland then brings three images of seeds, leaves and feathers to our minds to present them as memories of a lost friend. In the middle of the poem Boland describes these â€Å"memories† by saying â€Å"as it fell and fell,† (15 and 16). By using â€Å"it† this shows that all of these memories are clumped together as one which makes them stronger. After this she goes on by saying â€Å"which now in a sunny atmosphere seem as alive as they ever were† (17 and 18). This is saying that the memories now bring bright and happy feelings and they seem alive because the memories are so strong that they seem as if they are real. When the writer refers to a Baltic honey this is referring back to the ornament of amber and how she was holding it in her hand, as if memories could be held. She then goes on to tell us a little about the friendship.

Describe and Evaluate the Evolutionary Theory of Food Preferences

Describe and evaluate the evolutionary theory of food preferences According to an evolutionary approach current human behaviour can be understood in terms of how it may have been adaptive in our ancestral past. Evolutionary theorists are concerned with behaviour which is adaptive and having survival value, these researchers look for ultimate explanations. Current behaviours may be maladaptive and dysfunctional but can be understood as having been adaptive and functional in some way.To undertake this type of analysis they draw on the theory of natural selection and suggest that all species including humans, evolve through a process of natural selection and that only those characteristics that confer advantage or at least do not confer disadvantage survive as the species evolve. This is an interactionist approach, as an individual’s genetic predisposition is assumed to interact with their environment. In terms of eating behaviour, an evolutionary psychologist is interested in th e following questions: â€Å"Are there innate preferences for certain foods? †, â€Å"How would these preferences have been adaptive in the past? and â€Å"How do these preferences function now? † Early research by Davis investigated the eating behaviour of infants and young children. Davis observed the kinds of choice children living in a paediatric unit made in relation to their diet. Based on her data, Davis concluded that young children have an innate, regulatory mechanism and are able to select a healthy diet. However she emphasized that they could only do this if healthy food was available and suggested that the children’s food preferences changed over time and ere modified by experience. Subsequent research has provided further support for some form of innate regulatory mechanisms.For example, there is consistent evidence that newborn babies demonstrate innate food preferences. Using facial expressions and sucking behaviour as an index of preference, bab ies have been shown to prefer sweet tasting substances and to reject bitter tastes. There is also some evidence for an innate preference for salt, based on animal research, although this has been controversial together, these studies suggest that some food preferences are innate. Beauchamp and Moran (1982) reported however that six month old babies who were accustomed to drinking sweetened water drank more sweetened water than those babies who were not.So although innate food preferences may exist, these may be modified very quickly by learning and familiarity. Our early human ancestors lived in hunter-gatherer communities in which the men were responsible for hunting and the women were responsible for gathering. Their diets consisted mainly of fruits, berries, vegetables and some meat. Our innate food preferences can be explained in different forms. An innate preference for sweet foods would have encouraged people to eat fruit with its natural fructose content. Sweet foods in natur e provide important calories which are needed for energy.Natural avoidance of bitter foods would have helped to protect people from eating food that was poisonous. This would also have been helped by neophobia. A preference for salt is less easy to explain, although we do know that salt is essential for the sodium balance in our bodies. Sheep manage their sodium levels by licking naturally occurring minerals that contain salt because grass has very low sodium content. Human beings on the other hand have very little need for additional salt, particularly if they eat meat.The innate preference for salt may therefore have originally functioned by encouraging people to eat meat. In our ancestral past the main challenge facing people would have been avoiding malnutrition by eating enough food to support a physically active lifestyle. Our innate food preferences may have helped us to survive. However for much of the modern world, food is no longer scarce and our lives are no longer as phy sically active. Nowadays a preference for sweet foods may no longer encourage a person to eat berries, but rather to eat highly calorific, energy-dense foods, such as chocolate bars.Furthermore a preference for salty foods may facilitate the consumption of high-fat foods flavoured with salt, such as chips and processed foods. An evolutionary explanation for obesity has been put forward based on biological preferences for foods which cause overeating and problems with weight in our modern world, which has been called an â€Å"obesongenic environment†. There are many factors in our environment, such as fast food outlets and cars, which encourage an unhealthy lifestyle and may contribute to higher levels of obesity.Like biological explanations, evolutionary explanations of eating might be regarded as an oversimplification by suggesting that adaptiveness is the single, guiding principle. Such explanations are also determinists as they propose that eating behaviour is determined b y past environments, thereby overlooking the notion of free will and the fact that human behaviour is affected by many other factors such as thought, emotions and social factors. Evolutionary drives are moderated and modified by social drives. Evolutionary approaches can explain innate food preferences that were important for our ancestor’s survival.An innate preference for sweet foods may lead us to consume energy-dense foods, such as chocolate bars, which are longer needed in the current obesogenic environment of the Western world, and can help to explain the recent upsurge in obesity. Innate preferences for food can be used to demonstrate the wisdom of the body, the existence of biological drives and also the importance of the environment. It is also difficult to measure eating behaviour accurately in a research context. The central concept of adaptiveness can be applied to many behaviours, including eating and is difficult to demonstrate empirically or disapprove.This mea ns that we have no means of establishing the validity of the explanation. A strength of evolutionary explanations is that they consider ultimate causes and so may lead to more valid ways of treating seemingly maladaptive behaviours by taking account of their adaptive significance and not merely focusing on the proximate problem. Evolutionary explanations appear to suggest that we are no longer adapting to changing environmental conditions. Some scientists believe that humans are continuing to evolve both physically and psychological and are doing so at a faster rate that any other close species.

Tsunami essays

Tsunami essays In the early hours of Boxing Day (0058 GMT) an earthquake six miles deep and measuring 9.8 on the richer scale (the largest for forty years) occurred under the Indian Ocean. This caused a huge Tsunami which The earthquake occurred when the Eurasian plate (continental crust) moved against the Australian plate (oceanic crust) (compacting it) on the destructive plate boundary. The Tsunami was travelling 500 mph over water and when it reached land it slowed but increased in height making it more dangerous still. In some places the Tsunami reached as far as one km inland. The tsunami destroyed countryside, housing, hotels and infrastructure but the highest costing was the loss of lies. Over 150 00 are dead and hundreds of thousands are still missing. The secondary effects are no less devastating. Water born diseases such as cholera, dysentery and malaria are spreading fast and there is a lack of clean water as wells are contaminated, there is also a lack in food getting to the survivors causing famine and in the abandoned houses criminals are looting the areas. Another grim effect of the tsunami is the abduction of children by criminal gangs to be used as slaves, sold for adoption or even, used for sex. The tsunami caused so much destruction as the countries hit had absolutely no tsunami warning system, the only sign they had was the sudden retreat of the water although people believed were told (whoever you believe) that they were quite safe and this was totally normal. They were totally unprepared for such n occurrence so had no evacuation system or emergency rations. The death toll could have been reduced if the earthquake had not occurred during the festive season, as inevitably there was a great The UK generated 60 million in one week although did not respond ...

American Black Bear Facts

American Black Bear Facts The American black bear (Ursus americanus) is a large omnivore that inhabits the forests, swamps, and tundra throughout the more northerly reaches of North America. In some areas such as the Pacific Northwest, it commonly lives at the edges of towns and suburbs where it has been known to break into storage buildings or cars in search of food. Fast Facts: American Black Bear Scientific Name: Ursus americanusCommon Name: American black bearBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 4.25–6.25 feet longWeight: 120–660 poundsLifespan: 10–30 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Forested areas in Alaska, Canada, the United States, MexicoPopulation: 600,000Conservation Status:  Least Concern Description Black bears vary considerably in color throughout their range. In the east, bears are usually black with a brown snout. But in the west, their color is more variable and can be black, brown, cinnamon, or even a light buff color. Along the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, there are two color morphs of black bears that are distinct enough to earn them nicknames: the whitish Kermode bear or spirit bear and the blue-gray glacier bear. Although some black bears may be colored like brown bears, the two species can be distinguished by the fact that the smaller black bears lack the dorsal hump characteristic of the larger brown bears. Black bears also have larger ears that stand more erect than brown bears. Black bears have powerful limbs and are equipped with short claws that enable them to break apart logs, climb trees, and collect grubs and worms. They also claw apart beehives and feed on the honey and bee larvae they contain. Habitat and Range The American black bear lives in forested areas throughout North America, from Canada to Mexico and in at least 40 states in the U.S. They used to live in almost all forested areas of North American, but now they are restricted to areas that are less densely populated by  humans. In Canada, the American black bear still lives in most of its historic range, other than the central plains. These bears also once inhabited the mountainous regions of northern Mexico, but their numbers have dwindled in this region. Black bears are one of three bear species that live in North America; the other two are the brown bear and the polar bear. Of these bear species, black bears are the smallest and most timid. When encountered by humans, black bears often flee rather than attack. Diet Black bears are omnivores. Their diet includes grasses, berries, nuts, fruit, seeds, insects, small vertebrates, and carrion. In northern regions, they eat spawning salmon. American black bears will also occasionally kill young deer or moose calves. In the colder parts of their range, black bears seek refuge in their den for the winter where they enter a winter sleep. Their dormancy is not true hibernation, but during their winter sleep, they refrain from eating, drinking, or excreting waste for as long as seven months. During this time, their metabolism slows and heart rate falls. Reproduction and Offspring Black bears reproduce sexually. They reach reproductive maturity at 3 years of age. Their breeding season occurs in spring but the embryo does not implant in the mothers womb until late fall. Two or three cubs are born in January or February. The cubs are very small and spend the next several months nursing in the safety of the den. Cubs emerge from the den with their mother in spring. They remain under the care of their mother until they are about 1 ½ years old at which time they disperse to seek out their own territory. Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the American Black Bears conservation status as least concern.  And, the black bear is the most common bear in North America. However, all large mammals who eat meat- big cats, wolves, and bears- face threats stemming from the loss of prey and habitat. This includes black bears, though they are less affected because 95 percent of their diet is plant-based. American Black Bears and Humans American black bears across North America are also facing a decline in forest areas where they once lived due to the rapid expansion of urban areas. Indeed, most of the challenges black bears face in North America come from humans. American black bears are intelligent and learn quickly where they can find garbage left by people as well as where human food is easily accessible. This makes for the perfect conditions for human-bear conflict, according to the Wildlife Conservation Society. The problem is particularly pronounced in backcountry areas where humans hike and camp as well as populated forest areas, leading to dangerous conditions for black bears and humans alike. Sources â€Å"Black Bears.†Ã‚  WCS.org.â€Å"Basic Facts About Black Bears.†Ã‚  Defenders of Wildlife, 10 Jan. 2019.â€Å"Carnivore Collapse.†Ã‚  Defenders of Wildlife, 10 Jan. 2019.

Computer security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computer security - Essay Example Once an individual clicks on the link, it directs to a website where a malware software and virus is downloaded into the individual computer, in addition to downloading and installing a spyware that captures sensitive information from the computer (US CERT, 2012). Thus, blended threat is fatal than other forms of threat, since it entails the damage of an individual’s computer, while at the same time allowing for the track of sensitive information by the attackers, who can later use it for their benefit. Additionally, blended threats are more difficult to combat, since any activity on the link sent by the attacker will definitely cause harm to the computer in one way or the other (Trend Micro, 2008). Mobile threats With the increase in technology advancement, mobile technology has not been left out. Sophisticated mobile devices are being produced each day, allowing the users to access information from the internet at the click of their phone button. This has motivated the cyber criminals to venture into targeting mobile devices, where they have developed files that are easily transferrable through email, MMS, Bluetooth and even text messages (Trend Micro, 2008). ... They are eventually transferred to other mobile devices through texts, MMS and Bluetooth and cause the same harm to the other devices. Phishing scam This refers to major malware campaigns that have been launched to target individual computers, which occur in the form of the attackers sending electronic greeting cards that contain malware (Trend Micro, 2008). The attacker have also developed attack files inform of attractive and enticing free screensavers, which contains malware files. Once an individual downloads and installs the screensaver, the malware in transferred to the individual’s computer, where they cause its malfunction (US CERT, 2012). Additionally, phishing scams have been developed inform of credit card information applications or online shopping advertisements that seek to capture individual’s credit card information, for theft purposes (Trend Micro, 2008). Measures to protect individual’s computer from these attacks Maintaining update anti-virus a nd anti-malware Computer security calls for the vigilance of the individual using the computer. Therefore, notwithstanding that anti-viruses and anti-malware do not fully protect the computer from external threats, it essential to maintain them updated and activated at all times. This is because; they play a great role in protecting the computer from certain external threats, leaving the computer owner with few threats to tackle (US CERT, 2012). Therefore, the computer owner should consistently upgrade their anti-virus and anti-malware to the recent versions, which include more protective features (Vacca, 2009). Use of firewall Configuring and maintaining firewall in place is essential. Firewall is the most recognized form of protection of a computer from external software attacks, since

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Political science - Essay Example Firstly, and perhaps most importantly, the reader should come to a full and complete understanding and appreciation for the fact that poaching in and of itself should not be held as the highest representation of the Democratic process. For instance, there are many highly undemocratic nations around the world to participate in the voting. For instance, history is replete with examples of nations that it held fraudulent elections as a means of seeking to convince the respective stakeholders within their societies that their governments is ultimately legitimate. Within such a function, the voting process in and of itself cannot and should not be understood to be defined as the true lifeblood of a democracy (Lever 225). Rather, voting is merely an exhibition of the good faith that the stakeholders within society understand their role with relation to the governing authority. For instance, although the United States might wish to believe that it exhibits the highest level of democracy wit hin the world, the fact of the matter is quite the contrary. Ultimately, only two choices are given with regards to the political party affiliation that the candidates have to offer. Naturally, there is also the political affiliation of independent; however this is rarely used. Whereas compared to the other nations in the world, a litany of political parties help to define the way in which key interests of the populace are illustrated, the United States system only allows for choice between two political parties. In such a way, the level and extent to which voting within such a two-party/limited system serves to be the lifeblood of democracy ultimately comes under a high level of scrutiny (Coley 6). Naturally, voting within such a context is necessarily cheapened as compared to voting within a context where greater level of choice exists. Ultimately, the point that should most be understood within the preceding analysis is with regards to the fact the process of voting in and of its elf does not guarantee democracy anymore than evidence of political opposition disproves the evidence of a dictatorship. More importantly, with respect to the American system of governance, the main objective that this author has is with regards to the level and extent of the knowledge base that the voters are bringing to the election cycles. Although it is oftentimes been the case that scholars have looked down upon the average voter as misinformed and ultimately provincial, statistics in recent years have underscored the fact that the American voting populace is becoming increasingly clueless with regards to both the domestic political situation and the global realities that define the world in which we live. Within such an understanding, the process of voting itself must be understood to be of secondary or even tertiary importance as compared to the level of information and for knowledge that the voter himself/herself is able to exhibit with regards to the many issues that inform different elections that take place within a democracy. Whereas it is not the purpose of this analysis to advocate any type of a poll tax or regression into many of the previously practiced

Choose a good topic for me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Choose a good topic for me - Essay Example Overview The first group that would have to be met is Plant XYZ’s personnel as meetings with the plant managers, staff, and associates are set up to get a feel of the problem. After the meeting this group, namely, the administration, would follow the main aim of becoming familiar with the functions of the plant’s business, its systems, and methods of reporting used (Ranier 23). Concerning the business side of the operation, it would be prudent to begin by seeking to address the immediate support and needs initiatives that are already in progress, as well as identifying the opportunities presented and the areas that need action. Next, the partnership side of Plant XYZ’s operation would have to be reviewed, which necessitates meetings and assessing customers and business relationships. For this, both external and internal partnerships will be considered. Finally, a meeting with the team is on the cards with focus directed on the plant’s leadership, as well a s the building of a rapport with the entire team and the company’s clients (Ranier 24). Personnel As far as Plant XYZ’s personnel are concerned, it would be prudent to review them as well as their functions. Through an organizational chart, it is possible to assess the depth inherent within the various departments (Ranier 25). In the period given for coming up with the action plan, time should be taken to become familiar with the capability and functions of the plant’s staff. On top of this, there needs to be a review of key personnel procedures, as well as policies. Finally, an in-depth review of payroll processes and functions is to be carried out. Administration For the administrative side of the company, the first item on the agenda is the review of all responsibilities and duties of each position. During this exercise, observation of the roles and functions of the staff is to be made, in addition to an endeavor of understanding these roles and functions (Ra nier 37). To do this, it is prudent to attend all meetings held by various departments, as well as a solicitation of feedback on the opportunities and strengths that these departments feel are vital for the company’s growth. Finally, a review of the company’s budget, as well as processes of forecasting needs to be carried out. Business For the business side of operations, a comprehensive review of the functions and processes of financial reporting will be carried out in the first ninety days. This will be supplemented by a correspondingly wide-range review of the processes of forecasting and budgeting (Ranier 39). A review of the company’s metrics of performance and reporting will also be carried out, coupled with the solicitation of feedback from every department at the plant concerning perceived opportunities. Finally, in order to get a feel of the goings on, participation in all meetings that discuss business operations will be essential. Partnerships A compr ehensive review of all inter-departmental functions and roles will be carried out during the first ninety days. This will be followed by a review of financials for every department and its contributions to the operations of the plant. I will also attend every meeting held by various departments and make contributions during the dialogue session. In addition, an enhancement of communications between departments will be vital to creating a sense of mission and this will be given importance (Ranier 67).

Therapies Approaches Essay Example for Free

Therapies Approaches Essay What are the major strengths and weaknesses of the following approaches to therapy? (A) Psychoanalysis: The main goal of psychoanalysis is to resolve internal conflicts that lead to emotional suffering. Traditional psychoanalysis called for three to five therapy sessions a week, however, treatment may still go on for years for the sake of increasing the application and the accuracy of the analysis of the behavioral development of the clients attended with through the said therapy. Today through the application of the new approaches of psychology, the said therapy has already been briefed to be able to give ample and accurate solutions to issues that clients are supposed to take into consideration. This therapy is then noted for its capability to analyze the different factors that contribute to the situations that clients are primarily involved with. However, with the lengthened way of applying the process, finding solutions becomes less applicative in this manner of psychological approach. (B) Person-centered therapy: Individual-focused, this is the characteristic of this particular approach. Since it is individual, the subject becomes more concise and much easier to identify. Having to deal with the issue through the singularity of the subject actually notes the possibility of being more specific with the solutions that are formulated along the application of the therapy. However, being individually centered makes the approach less broad. (C) Behavior therapy: Behavior centered therapy incites the importance of approaching the problem through knowing who and how the person or the client is dealing with the situations that he is facing in life. Through this therapy, the examination of the situation shall be based on the ideal character of the person being dealt with. This makes the process of understanding the problem more accurate and more efficient. (D) Cognitive therapy: This therapy actually notes the process of using the attitudes and reactions of the clients to be able to create the most possible solution available for the problem to be answered. Considerably, cognitive therapy is actually an approach that estimates the specific manner by which people react to the different issues that they deal with everyday. Although effective in many ways, it is indeed noticeable how this particular therapy is subjected to some issues since people change every now and then. (E) Drug therapy: Medication may not be as effective as expected all the time. At some point, this process may even result to a more complicated problem that could be due to overdose. Although helpful, too many limitations should be considered in pursuing this particular approach in psychological therapy. References: Samuel E. Wood, Ellen Green Wood, and Denise Boyd. (2007). Mastering the World of Psychology (3rd Edition) (MyPsychLab Series). Allyn Bacon; 3 edition.

Iconography :: Essays Papers

Iconography Iconography, in art history, the study of subject matter in art. The meaning of works of art is often conveyed by the specific objects or figures that the artist chooses to portray; the purpose of iconography is to identify, classify, and explain these objects. Iconography is particularly important in the study of religious and allegorical painting, where many of the objects that are pictured—crosses, skulls, books, or candles, for example—have special significance, which is often obscure or symbolic. The use of iconographic symbols in art began as early as 3000 BC, when the Neolithic civilizations of the Middle East used nonhuman or animal figures to represent their gods. Thus, the Egyptian mother goddess Hathor was associated with the cow and usually appeared in relief sculpture and wall paintings as a cow-headed woman. The sun god Ra had a hawk's head, and the creator Ptah appeared as a bull. In ancient Greece and Rome, each of the gods was associated with specific objects. Zeus (Jupiter), the father of the gods, was often accompanied by an eagle or a thunderbolt; Apollo, the god of art, by a lyre; Artemis (Diana), the hunter, by a bow and quiver. In addition, the Romans perfected the use of secular allegorical symbols. For example, a woman surrounded by bunches of grapes and sheaves of wheat would be readily understood as a representation of the bounties of the earth. Early Christian art during the period of Roman persecution was highly circumspect, and innocuous objects—the fish and the dove—were used to symbolize Christ and the Holy Spirit. Later Christian art, however, became replete with iconographic symbols. In particular, many of the saints became associated with specific objects—Saint Peter with two keys, for instance, or Saint Catherine with a broken wheel. During the Renaissance and through the 18th century, allegorical paintings were especially popular, as artists constructed elaborate symbolic schemes to illustrate such themes as the vanity of human existence.

Counseling: Meaning of Life and Client Essay

Abstract This paper consists of my ideas on therapy and the roles of therapy. It also involves the ideas of a person’s relationship with Christ, their purpose and meaning in life, and what changes they need in their life for the therapy to work. My ideas on therapy stem from Existentialism and Person Centered Therapy. Personal Theory of Counseling Counseling is the ability to help people with their problems and assist them in finding their purpose in this life. Counseling is also helping people learn how to be open to new experiences, be more independent, and teach why the willingness to grow is important (Corey, 2009, p.169). Change is also a big part of counseling. People have to be willing to change in order for counseling to work. This therapy’s human nature involves trusting people, being positive, allowing for change, having self-understanding, and self-direction (Corey, 2009, p. 139-140). It also includes having self-awareness, being responsible, creating your own identity, knowing your values and goals, finding God, and realizing death will happen (Corey, 2009, p. 139-140). It also includes unconditional positive regard, which is accepting and caring for others (Corey, 2009, p. 174-175). Throughout the beginning of people’s lives they feel fulfilled, and they have self-determination to motivate them (Corey, 2009, p. 139-169). During sessions the client needs to be able to take charge of his or her own desired change. This means the client should be able to state and know what he or she wants out of therapy. The client should also be able to identify what he or she wants to change in their life. The counselor can only help as much as the client wants to be helped. So the client has to be able to make choices and help in their change (Corey, 2009, p. 165-175). Also, during sessions it is important to focus on the positive things in the person’s life. This can be done by allowing the client to think about things that have brought them happiness. Happiness according to Walker (2010) is, â€Å"A sense that life is good and a state of welling-being that outlasts yesterday’s moment of elation, today’s buoyant mood, or tomorrow’s feeling of sadness† (p. 500). These thoughts help the client to understand why they are here in this world, and it helps them find their meaning in life (Corey, 2009, p. 144-146). It is significant the client knows he or she has a meaning in life. If the client does not feel like they have a meaning in life, the counselor should help in this area of their life (Corey, 2009, p. 144-146). This can be done by having the client do an activity involving writing down all the good things of their life. Also, the client needs to understand and know he or she is in charge of their self-understanding and self-direction. This means the client needs to focus of their self-understanding and self-direction (Corey, 2009, p. 139-142). This can be done by having the client do activities that involve discovering their self-understanding and self-direction. Focusing on these areas will help the client through more difficult issues in counseling. This therapy will help target the key problems causing issues in the client’s life. These problems stem from not allowing change and development to take place in their life (Watson & Tharp, 2007, p. 200). An example of this is not fixing problems as soon as they happen in their life. The client has to learn the skills needed to allow for change and development. This will include working on problem solving skills and developing a better understanding on how to address their daily issues. The client also needs to learn how to take responsibility and handle their problems. Another problem is focusing on past experiences rather than the present. During therapy the client will learn how to focus on the here and now, not focus so much on the past (Watson & Tharp, 2007, p. 205). This will be done by having the client think about past experiences that still bother them. After thinking about the experiences the client will work on letting those issues go through role playing. The therapeutic process of this therapy has a set of goals for the counselor to use to help the client during the sessions (Watson & Tharp, 2007, p.210). These goals help the client learn how to be more independent and self-aware of the changes they need in their life. The point of this therapy is helping the client realize being independent and self-ware of the changes in their lives is very important and can lead to positive results. The first goal of the therapeutic process is allowing the client to be in charge of the change they want to accomplish (Corey, 2009, p. 170-171). An example of this is allowing the client to decide what change they want to master first. Through this goal the counselor and client can build a more trustworthy and deeper relationship. This also leaves room for a more positive and realistic change. The second goal includes working on the needs of the client (Corey, 2009, p. 170-171). This involves teaching the client how to identify their identity, learn self-awareness, and what their purpose is in life (Corey, 2009, p. 139-146). This goal also helps the client develop the skills needed to meet their needs. An example of how this will be done is using role playing and journaling. Another goal is allowing the client to be free in choosing their therapy topics. This means to some degree allowing the client to choose what he or she wants to talk about. Letting the client choose the topics helps make them more comfortable in talking about the more touchy subjects needed to reach the root of the problem. The next goal is opening doors in the client’s life to figure out where God is in their life. This includes showing the client the love of God and what God can and will do in their life. Also, this goal will give the client the opportunity to develop a relationship with God. The last goal is allowing the client to establish goals they want out of the sessions (Corey, 2009, p. 170). An example of this is allowing the client to explore what goals they want. The goal also includes letting the client decide whether the goal is working or not. If the goal is not working, the counselor should allow the client to drop the goal if they want to. It is very important the client feels like they have a say in their therapy. The client will be more willing to be open and honest if they have a say in their therapy. The relationship between the counselor and client should be friendly and trustworthy. The client needs to be able to trust and depend on the counselor. The relationship should develop over time and be positive to the client. Even though the relationship is friendly, there should only be contact during sessions or on the phone. The client needs to understand this is a concrete rule because of ethical standards. Also, the client needs to know that you are just his or her counselor and not a close friend. This is also because of ethical standards. The client needs to be aware that experiences during sessions will be comfortable, but they should also understand the sessions will not always be easy. The hard parts, though, are necessary for their desired change. During the sessions there will be no assessment, because it is not needed for this type of therapy. This is because the client will be choosing their desired change and what they want out of therapy. A normal session will involve the client being in a comfortable chair and feeling free to say what is on their mind. Even though they are free to speak what they are feeling, there will still be general topics for each session. During each session there will be a planned topic, but the topic may not get covered until later if the client needs attention on other topics. The first few sessions will involve the client and the counselor getting to know each other. This will include the client sharing about their life and what brought them to this point in their life. Also, these sessions will involve a few techniques to help the client feel more comfortable around the counselor. These techniques will include saying words that describe who they are as a person. Another technique will be having the client write down thoughts they are having about the counseling sessions. The next few sessions will cover the client’s self-awareness, his or her identity in this world, the client’s goals and values, and their relationship with God (Corey, 2009, p.139-147). During these sessions the client will work on building up his or her self-awareness through writing down their feeling. Also, the client will work on their self-awareness by thinking about what makes them who they are as a person (Corey, 2009, p. 139-140). The client will also work on figuring out their identity in this world (Corey, 2009, p. 139-140). They will do this through writing down and thinking about what they are doing in the world to make a difference. They will also journal their thoughts on their identity in the world and what makes it their identity. During the sessions the client will also work their goals and values. This will include the client making a list of their current goals and values and what they want their new goals and values to be. Also during these sessions the client will work their relationship with God. This will include going over who God is, what His son done for them on the cross, and how they can have a relationship with God if they want to. After those sessions the counselor will cover the client’s goals for therapy and the issues the client may be facing. This will include the client stating what goals they want out of therapy and how they want to achieve them. After the client decides on what goals they want to work toward, the counselor and client will work together on techniques to help the client. Throughout this process the client can move on and work toward fixing their problems. During the sessions it is significant to cover important topics about life and death (Corey, 2009, p. 147-148). This will include using the Word of God and other resources to reveal what life and death are. After the sessions are complete the client should have an understanding of their self-awareness, his or her identity in this world, their goals and values, their relationship with God, and what death is. Also, they should have a basic plan to help them through future problems and issues Overall, this therapy can help people who have the desire and drive to make it work. People can benefit from this therapy by getting the help they need. This therapy is set up to motivate and help people learn about themselves and how to solve their problems. It is also designed to help people reach their desired change and help them learn their meaning and purpose in life. This therapy can aid people in building a better life and future. References Corey, G. (2009). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (8th ed. ). Australia: Thomson/Brooks/Cole. Walker, V. (2010). Becoming aware: A text/workbook for human relations and personal adjustment (11th ed. ). Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Pub. Co.. Watson, D. L. , & Tharp, R. G. (2007). Self-directed behavior: Self-modification for personal adjustment (9th ed. ). Australia: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

Practical Life Exercises in Montessori Essay

â€Å"If teaching is to be effective with young children, it must assist them to advance on the way to independence. It must initiate them into those kinds of activities, which they can perform themselves. We must help them to learn how to walk without assistance, to run, to go up and down the stairs, to pick up fallen objects, to dress and undress, to wash themselves, to express their needs, and to attempt to satisfy their desires through their own efforts. All this is part of an education for independence. â€Å"†¦(The Discovery of the Child, MM, pg. 56~57) EPL is the abbreviation of Exercises of Practical Life .These exercises are simple daily actions which are normally performed by the adults in daily life, like washing, dressing, cleaning, brushing, eating, cooking and religious teachings and practices like how to pray, greet others, knock at the door, drink water etc . are all part of EPL. EPL for the children in growing and learning phase is important as they teach them the correct way to conduct daily routines of everyday life. Practical life activities give the child an understanding of the environment and how it works. Two main purposes of practical life exercises: †¢ First is the dignity of work. In the past, the child had an opportunity in the home to fold clothes, pour water, fetch and sweep. As a result, children developed motor skills of grace and fluid movement at an early age. More importantly, children developed competent participation around the home and the rest of their environment. †¢ Second reason for the practical life exercises is to enable children to organize themselves as functional human beings. To do this we must begin by the time the child is two years old, primarily physical and primarily concerned with himself. We must help him to become master of himself and then he will be able to master other things. Below being discussed are few reasons why EPL should be encouraged: For independence and love for work: EPL helps children to become independent and confident. Parents at this stage should avoid to give superfluous help to the children, as they are required to do their work by themselves and they want adults to help them in doing thing not doing things for them. This love for work and independence increases self-esteem of the child and helps in making him a better adult for the society For happiness,  self-satisfaction and self-respect: a child between the age of 0-3 loves to work and learns very quickly. This time should be utilized properly and activities should be taught very seriously. Our attitude while teaching should be supportive and generous. In return we will create an adult who will be happy, self-satisfied and respectful to the society. For making the world a better place: beginning from the Montessori class the child learns that there is a place for everything and everything has a place. This same principle helps in making this world a better, organized and tidier place to live in. children by seeing their adult role models learn to place everything back to its original position. To attain Normality: In age of development child has certain strong urges If these urges are overcome by the adults and environment, developmental process gets disturbed and deviation occurs. Normality, on the other hand is a state in which all the urges of a child are being fulfilled and he is satisfied with his environment. Normality is the spiritual goal of EPL. Learning to give and take help: EPL is extremely helpful in developing grace and courtesy in a child. The child learns how to ask for help or give him in a graceful manner. As adults these children learn to participate in household chores knowing that each one has to participate to run the home as a family. For passing on good habits: a child learns, idolizes and imitates his adults. If adults complain about work the child will automatically avoid all kind of work. Thus we need to pass on good work habits to create a positive attitude in the coming generations. For developing love of universe: a child develops love and care for the universe and all other life forms by doing exercises related to care of living things, care of the environment, exercises of grace and courtesy and exercises of personal care. He/she develops a personality of a person who is responsible and peaceful and who cares about everything. For perfection of movement: naturally a child is constantly on a move. EPL exercises keep the child constantly on a move with interesting activities which help develop his movement and reflexes. For avoiding personality disorders: The child who really lacks confidence has lost the confidence and courage which every child starts with in the first years, reason is that his help was not acceptable to the mother or adult in charge. Children lose the urge to learn these skills by the second period of development. They like then to learn to cook, to use electric machines, but  not to do things they should have learned earlier. Dr. Montessori called these â€Å"sensitive periods.† If this time of special sensitivity is not used, it is lost. It does not come again. We must go on to the next stage of learning. Thus we should provide maximum opportunities to the child during this phase to maximize his learning and development.

Pronunciation Practice for Stress and Intonation

Pronunciation Practice for Stress and Intonation The first step in learning correct English pronunciation is to focus on individual sounds. These sounds are named phonemes. Every word is made up of a number of phonemes or sounds. A good way to isolate these individual sounds is to use minimal pair exercises. To take your pronunciation to the next level, focus on stress on intonation. The following resources will help you improve your pronunciation by learning the music of English. Practice with Pronunciation Using English is a stress-timed language and, as such, good pronunciation depends a lot on the ability to accent the correct words and successfully use intonation to make sure you are understood. Simply put, spoken English stress the principal elements in a sentence - content words - and quickly glides over the less important words - function words. Nouns, principal verbs, adjectives and adverbs are all content words. Pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs, prepositions, conjunctions are function words and are pronounced quickly moving towards the more important words. This quality of quickly gliding over less important words is also known as connected speech. For more information on the basics of the stress-timed nature of English, please refer to: Intonation and Stress: Key to UnderstandingThis feature takes a look at how intonation and stress influence the way English is spoken. How to Improve Your PronunciationThis how to focuses on improving your pronunciation through the recognition of the time-stressed character of English. I am continually surprised to see how much my students pronunciation improves when they focus reading sentences focusing on only pronouncing the stressed words well! This feature includes practical exercises to improve your pronunciation skills by improving the stress-timed character of your pronunciation when speaking in full sentences. Take a look at the following sentences and then click on the audio symbol to listen to the examples showing the difference between the sentences spoken: In a plain manner, focusing on the correct pronunciation of each word - much as some students do when trying to pronounce well. In the natural, manner with content words being stressed and function words receiving little stress. Example Sentences Alice was writing a letter when her friend came through the door and told her she was going to leave on holiday. I had studying for about an hour when the telephone rang. Fast automobiles make dangerous friends. If you can wait for a moment, the doctor will be with you shortly. Id like a steak, please. Pronunciation Exercises 1 Pronunciation Exercises 2 For Teachers Lesson Plans based on these Pronunciation Exercises for Teachers English: Stress - Timed Language IPre-intermediate to upper intermediate level lesson focusing on improving pronunciation by awareness raising and practice of stress-timing in spoken English. English: Stress - Timed Language IIAwareness raising followed by practical application exercises including: function or content word recognition exercise, sentence stress analysis for spoken practice. Comparison of unnaturally and naturally spoken English by looking at the tendency of some students to pronounce every word correctly. Listening and Oral repetition exercise developing student ears sensitivity to the rhythmic quality of English.

Critically assess psychological theories of fascism. The WritePass Journal

Critically assess psychological theories of fascism. Introduction Critically assess psychological theories of fascism. IntroductionUniversality of Fascist psychologyBasis of Fascistic psychologyFascist aestheticsFascistic psychology towards peopleFascistic psychology towards work  Bibliography:Related Introduction According to the Oxford dictionary, Fascism is â€Å"an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. In general use extreme right-wing, authoritarian, or intolerant views or practices: this is yet another example of health fascism in action. The term Fascism was first used of the totalitarian right-wing nationalist regime of Mussolini in Italy (1922–43); the regimes of the Nazis in Germany and Franco in Spain. Fascism tends to include a belief in the supremacy of one national or ethnic group, a contempt for democracy, an insistence on obedience to a powerful leader, and a strong demagogic approach†. Geoffrey Gorer (1935:199) noted in 1935: â€Å"Mr Wells thinks that he hates fascism; he is horror-struck as any liberal at its brutality, its barbarism, its philistinism, its illogicality and its narrow nationalism; but he puts all the blame on the last quality; if it was only international, it wouldn’t really be so bad†. It is clear from Gorer’s satire that even as early as 1935, to understand Fascism only as a negative thought process, was rejected and intellectuals   started taking a kinder view of the movement (if it could be called thus?). Many started analysing and assessing its psychological theories, which, precisely, we will endeavour to do in the following essay. Though a critical assessment of these theories is expected, it would suffice to say that a positive view regarding Fascism at the onset will serve our purpose sufficiently, for the ideology has already been seen in a very bad light for the repercussions that it entailed and the miseries the world had to face, in the light of a consolidated fascistic onslaught during the world war II. However, what we shall try and understand is the modern view that Fascistic tendencies have existed in all ages and in all humans universally, and that they found an explosive eruption during an unfortunate period and consequently a set of nations and people had to bear the brunt of being blamed for it. Universality of Fascist psychology So, this understanding of Fascism has now come a long way from the understanding of it as purely a political/mass movement. It was believed that the fascist party â€Å"introduced† fascism by force or by â€Å"political man oeuvre†. Contrary to this, Reich (1946:6) says that his medical experience with individuals from all kinds of social strata, races, nationalities and religions shows that â€Å"fascism† is the only politically organized expression of the average human character structure. Furthermore, it is a character structure which has nothing to do with race, nation or party but which is general and international. In this characterological sense, â€Å"fascism† is the basic emotional attitude of a man in authoritarian society, with its machine civilization and its mechanistic-mystical view of life. It is the mechanistic-mystical character of man in our times which creates fascist parties and not vice versa.† Fascism according to modern sociologists and psychologists, therefore, is not a purely reactionary movement; rather it is a mixture of rebellious emotions and reactionary social ideas. Now if this is true, then we cannot limit fascism specifically to a national character of Germany or Japan. If understood as a mixture of rebellious emotions and reactionary social ideas, it can be considered an international phenomenon, which permeates all organizations of human society in all nations. This means that there could be German, Italian, Spanish, Anglo-Saxon, Jewish and Arabian fascism (Riech, 1946:7) Basis of Fascistic psychology In its pure form, Fascism is the sum total of all irrational reactions of the average human character. Its origins are from the basic human tendencies. In Freudian explanation of the unconscious, the superficial layer in the nature of an average individual consists of that of conscientiousness and compassion. This superficial layer is similar to the biological core of human nature which too is co-operative and love based. But unfortunately, the superficial layer and the biological core are separated from each other by an intermediary layer which makes an individual cruel and sadistic. This intermediary layer is also known as â€Å"secondary impulses† or the unconscious, the anti-social structure in human structure which is the secondary result of the repression of primary biological impulses. As the contact between the â€Å"superficial layer† and the â€Å"biological core† is hard to obtain, what makes appearance is the perverse antisocial layer of the character (viii). Since irrational part of the human nature becomes prominent, both the other layers become subservient to the subversive, irrational tendencies, thus giving birth to prejudices. All prejudices show their origin from irrational part of human character whether they be race prejudices, national prejudices, ethnic prejudices or even, violence. Since Fascism is an emotional outburst whether it be against intolerable social conditions or depravity of any sort, it cannot be understood solely as a political phenomenon. It is a human phenomenon, a psychological-human- phenomena which cannot be tied to a boundary of nationality or race, but that which is universal, pervading the entire world, across all nationalities. And this is very clear from the history of the 20th century that no society has remained untouched from violence or irrational behaviour. In addition, irrational behaviour has played a vital role in human history and has achieved results which have not always been negative. If negative at all, we cannot make fascism harmless if we only look for it in Americans or Germans and we do not look for it in   oneself and the social institutions which hatch him every day (Reich:7). He argues (p.11) Hitlerism is not confined to Germany; it penetrates worker’s organizations and all kinds of liberal and democratic circles. Fascism is not a political party, but a specific Weltanschuung and a specific attitude toward people, toward love and work. So this proves that fascism more than being a political, subversive movement is a part of human psychology, which though a maligned movement has positive elements too. We shall now analyze Fascistic psychology in relation to its aesthetics, people, and work. Fascist aesthetics   The fact that fascism is a psychology also entails that it has a psychology of its own. This psychology of Fascism can be unearthed by understanding its aesthetics. Alan Tansman in (Fall 2008:144-153), analysing Japanese Fascist prose says, â€Å"†¦so captivated, we can still seek to trace the fascist moment by paying attention to form not primarily as embodiments of concepts that need elucidation (though they need that too), but rather as patterns of fascistic feelings that require feelings and unravelling. To trace the movement of fascist aesthetics within or across works would mean to follow it as a style of thought and representation, a style embodied in forms that leave their content behind and have in Henri Focillon’s (1992: 69) words, â€Å"a mobile life in a changing world†. Similarly Starbinski, (1989:116-21), praising another Japanese Yasuda’s work says, â€Å"The uncomfortable truth that Yasuda’s work was more than mere dangerous inci tement, but was also powerful poetry, reminds us that even after we account for the political implications of his language there remains a formal quality that resists both being analysed critically and used politically† . The undeniable aesthetics of the Fascists was similarly emphasized by Tansman ( 2008:146) saying, â€Å"this allows us to see in action Kobayashi’s aesthetics, his evocation of â€Å" fascist moments† that attempted to shut down his reader’s critical intelligence and make self-abnegation, sacrifice and violence feel alluringly beautiful†. These examples of the readings of Japanese fascistic writers reveals that in spite of the fact that these writers were following an agenda, there still remains a subtle aesthetic beauty to be unearthed, understood and appreciated. And this again proves our initial assertion that tendencies of fascistic psychology have been present at all times as we find the same crisis with general literary men too. Fascistic psychology towards people Franklin D. Roosevelt said â€Å"The first truth is that the liberty of a democracy is not safe if the people tolerate the growth of private power to a point where it becomes stronger than their democratic state itself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Henry Wallace too said â€Å"Still another danger is represented by those who, paying lip service to democracy and the common welfare, in their insatiable greed for money and the power which money gives, do not hesitate surreptitiously to evade the laws designed to safeguard the public from monopolistic extortion. Their final objective toward which all their deceit is directed is to capture political power so that, using the power of the state and the power of the market simultaneously, they may keep the common man in eternal subjection. They claim to be super-patriots, but they would destroy every liberty guaranteed by the Constitution. They are patriotic in time of war because it is to their interest to be so, but in time of peace they follow power and the dollar, wherever that may lead.†Ã‚  This sort of disillusionment caused by democracy sought being redressed by Fascism. Fascism became popular because it could do what liberalism and socialism did not succeed in doing. People have the need to belong to something greater, something superior than themselves. During crisis, the common people crave for unity and purpose of life and this in turn causes them to seek strength and guidance. Fascism provided that. Fascist psychology is the mentality of the subjugate â€Å"little man† who craves authority and he is both a ‘revolutionary’ who believes in rational rebellion against intolerable social conditions and a ‘radical’ for he believes in going to the root’. With this aspe ct in view, we could say that Fascism brought the inferiority instincts of the suppressed human to the core and created an emotional crisis in which the aspirations of common people started being given the due importance. Fascistic psychology towards work Fascism was a wave which brought extreme nationalism into vogue and had national pride and development at its core. The fascists in Italy and Germany wanted to see their countries as super-powers. Therefore the work ethics as outlined by Fascists was hard work. As Corradini tells us that for Italy to become an economic power â€Å"what was required was a marshalling, rationalization, and disciplining of human and natural resources to the tasks such a process would inevitably entail. Sacrifice and discipline were advocated as cardinal virtues for a nation of â€Å"producers† (1924:214-29). National pride in nation building was the mantra. And though being blatantly anti-modern, Mussolini piloting his own aircraft and tooling the Italian hills in his red sports car were public displays of this modernizing temper. The public policies of introducing the work ethic among civil servants, of insistence that the trains run on time, and plans for the development of a modern road syste m were the first overt indications of the character of Fascism’s modernizing disposition (Gregor, 1974:370-384). This work ethic of disciplining and progress according to Volpe (1928) gave a â€Å"massive impulse† to economic development. It was this work ethic in which pauperized masses of workers developed a sharp consciousness of their social situation, and also developed a will to eliminate their social misery. As Reich (1946:16) says, â€Å"It was exactly the pauperized masses who carried Fascism, the ultimate in political reaction, to power†. Here, it would not be impertinent to discuss the Fascistic attitude towards Modernization too. Though generally believed to be anti-modernistic in its approach, in hearkening back to pre-modern ideals and recreating a utopian â€Å"ancient Rome†, Fascism had undeniable modernistic tendencies. Turner (1972:548) conceives of modernization as being a complex process â€Å"involving industrialization, urbanization, secularization, and rationalization†.   These elements which form the crux of what we try to ascertain as modern, though Modernity in itself   is a vague and ambiguous term. However, if these markers enlisted by Turner form the base of being modern, then by that standard, fascists were near moderns. The principal constituents that entered into the coalition that became Fascism-Futurism, Italian Nationalism and Revolutionary National Syndicalism, seem to have all been clearly modernizing in intention (Gregor, 1974:373). All of this conjoined with the Fascist p rograms of urban redevelopment and expansion made Rome, Milan, Turin, and Genoa heavily populated modern industrial and commercial centres. This suggests that Fascism could hardly be conceived as a â€Å"utopian anti-modernism† in intention (Gregor, 1974:377). Maddison (1964) points out that in 1938, using 1913 as a base, the index of aggregate volume of output of Italy had risen to 153.8 compared more than favourably with that of France (109.4), and Germany (149.9). Again using 1913 as a base, the aggregate index for output per man in 1938 stood at 145.2 for Italy, 136.5 for France, 122.4 for Germany, 143.6 for United Kingdom, and 136.0 for the United States. This proves that the Fascist work culture had borne productive fruits and that in spite of the fact that they declared themselves to be anti-Modernism, Fascists were inclined totally towards industrialization, one of the most important and universally accepted tenets of the modernization process. This evaluation of the psychology of the Fascists on a human, personal and socio-economic level leads us to the belief that there was not much wrong with the aggressive policies pursued by the fascists. The problem arose with the execution of those policies and their repercussions thereafter. The only thing that the writer has tried to prove in this paper is that Fascistic tendencies were not something new that had descended suddenly upon the earth, but that they are latent forces locked in all individuals and ages as History has shown. Therefore, to label a set of countries or people as fascists is not warranted. We all are fascists in some way or the other and the need of the hour is to control this fascism in each of us for the furtherance of a more beneficial and humane human psychology.   Bibliography: 1) Reich, Wilhelm. (1946:6) The mass psychology of Fascism: Orgone Institute Press 2) Tansman, Alan. Reading Fascism’s Form. Representations, vol 104. No1 (Fall2008), pp.144-153 3) Focillon, Henri. (1992:69) The life of Forms in Art :New York. 4) Starobinski, Jean.(1989:116-21) â€Å"The Critical Relation† in The Living Eye, trans.  Ã‚   Arthur Gothammer, Cambridge, 1989. 5) Gorer, Geoffrey. (1935.199) Nobody Talks Politics: A Satire with an Appendix on our Political Intelligentsia : London. 6) Corradini, Enrico. (1924:214-29) â€Å"Nationalismo e socialism†, in Discorsi Politici, Florence. 7) Gregor, James. ( April,1974:370-384) Fascism and Modernization .World Politics, vol.26. No.3. 8) Volpe. (1928). Lo sviluppo storico del fascism , Rome. 9) Turner, Henry, Jr., ( July,1972:547-64) â€Å"Fascism and Modernization†, World Politics, XXIV 10) Maddison, Angus.(1964) Economic Growth in the West. New York.   Appendices A, E, H, I.